摘 要
剧作家在独自完成自己的创作后，其作品能长期地流传下去，但戏剧演出却是一次性的瞬间艺术。因此，戏剧翻译以舞台表演为目的才能达到舞台演出的最佳效果，并最大限度地满足观众的需求。
目的论是由德国语言学家汉斯.弗米尔提出而后在十九世纪七十年代后期发展起来。本文引入目的论尝试探究以表演为目的的戏剧翻译。目的论指出翻译是一种人类的行为活动，而且是有目的的行为活动。这种行为的结果则是译文。目的原则是整个翻译过程中最主要的原则。因此，一个优秀的译文应当能最大限度地满足翻译目的。翻译者可以选择可行的翻译策略来达到其翻译目的。
戏剧《茶馆》是我国现代著名小说家，戏剧家老舍杰出的代表作。1979年，著名表演艺术家英若诚把《茶馆》翻译成英文，为茶馆访问欧洲作了准备。本文以英若诚英译本《茶馆》为例，详细分析英若诚以舞台表演为目的的戏剧翻译。一部戏到底如何，得在舞台上看。
本文要突破的问题是运用意译和归化的翻译技巧和策略，分别从语言和文化两个角度阐述英若诚以舞台表演为中心的戏剧翻译。作者希望能够对翻译研究（包括戏剧翻译）有所裨益，并为读者提供新的视角。
关键词：戏剧翻译；目的论；《茶馆》
Abstract
After the completion by the playwright, his works could be conveyed generation to generation for a long time. However, drama performance is a form of art which features shortness and instance. Therefore, only drama translation which focuses on drama or stage performance can achieve the best effect and satisfy the audiences to the greatest extent.
Skopos theory was put forward by German linguist Hans Vermeer and then developed in the late 1970s. This thesis attempts to make a tentative study of drama translation from the perspective of Skopos theory. Skopos Theory points out that translation is a human action with a specific purpose whose outcome is the translated works. According to Skopos Theory, skopos principle is the prime translation principle in the process of translation. As a consequence, an excellent translated work must comply with the translation purpose as much as possible. The translator can choose any reasonable translation strategy which is considered suitable to achieve his purpose.
Drama Teahouse is a distinguished masterpiece of famous modern writer and dramatist Lao She. In 1979, a well-known performing artist Ying Ruocheng translated it into English version, paving the way for its later visit to Europe. This thesis takes Ying Ruocheng?s English version of Teahouse as an example and makes a detailed analysis of drama translation from the perspective of the stage performance. A play has to be performed on stage before the evaluation whether a play is a success or not.
The main point in this thesis is to make an analysis of Ying Ruocheng?s performance-oriented drama translation from linguistic and cultural aspects by using liberal translation method and domestication strategy. The author hopes that this paper will make a little contribution to the translation study (drama translation included), and bring some new insights to the readers.
Key words: drama translation; Skopos theory; Teahouse
Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Chapter one Drama and Drama Translation ............................................... 3
1.1 An introduction of drama ............................................................... 3 1.2 A brief summary of drama Teahouse ............................................. 4 1.3Ying Ruocheng and his translation of Teahouse ............................. 5 Chapter Two An Overview of Skopos Theory ........................................... 6
2.1 Vermeer?s Skopos theory ............................................................... 6 2.2 Skopos theory in drama translation ................................................ 7 2.3 Ying Ruocheng?s performance-orientation and Skopos theory ..... 8 Chapter Three Analysis of Ying Ruocheng?s Translation Method and Strategy of Teahouse ............................................................................................... 10
3.1 Liberal translation from the linguistic perspective ...................... 10
3.1.1 On word level ...................................................................... 11 3.1.2 On sentence level ................................................................ 12 3.2 Domesticating translation from the cultural perspective ............. 14
3.2.1 Reflection of religious culture ............................................. 14 3.2.2 Reflection of material culture ............................................. 15 3.2.3 Reflection of social culture ................................................. 16
Conclusion ................................................................................................ 18 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 19
Introduction
As a special genre, drama is a performing art as well as a literary art. The word “Drama” comes from dran in Greek, which means “action” and “thing done”. In Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary:“Drama” is a term of play for the theatre, radio and TV. It is also a term of plays as a branch of literature and as a performing art. (2002:437) In China, there are many classical and excellent drama works. A similar case is Teahouse which is written by Lao She who is one of the most renowned contemporary Chinese writers. Teahouse was first translated by Ying Ruocheng in 1979 when BeiJing People?s Art Theatre was invited to deliver performance in Europe. Ying Ruocheng is not only a well-known artist of performance but also an outstanding theatre director. Moreover, he has a good command of English and foreign literature.
Skopos theory is an approach to translation developed in German in the late 1970s which is an essential theory in translation theories. It views translation as a specific form of human action. There is no doubt that drama translation is also a human action with a specific purpose.
This thesis intends to analyze the performance-oriented drama translation from the point view of Skopos theory. The author selects liberal translation method and domesticating translation strategy to verify Ying Ruocheng?s performance-oriented drama translation from linguistic and cultural aspects. Liberal translation conveys the true meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or word form. Domesticating translation is a transparent, fluent style which is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language reader. As a matter of fact, Ying Ruocheng?s drama translation is mainly about this two translation method and strategy.
This thesis consists of three parts:
In chapter one, first of all, it makes a brief introduction of drama and
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