《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
of clothing costs, how long you can keep the butcher waiting.
实际上，这些书与金钱息息相关——谁得到了它，把它藏到哪儿，一身衣服要多．．．．．．少钱，你能在肉贩那儿赊多久的帐。 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．V、 Register (语域)
Register is a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to a specific situation.
Different groups within each culture have different expectations about what kind of language is ppropriate to particular situations. A translator must ensure that the translation matches the register expectations of its prospective receivers, unless, of course, the purpose of the translation is to give a flavor of the source culture. This might be well shown in the different versions of the following poem by Tennyson:
Man for the field and woman for the hearth; Man for the sword and for the needle she. Man with the head and woman with the heart:
Man to command and woman to obey.
Version one: 男人耕种女持家，男战沙场女绣花，男人多思女多情，男人尊贵女卑下。 Version two: 男人外面挣钱，女人酱醋油盐。男人舞枪弄剑，女人摆弄针线。 男人头脑理智，女人感情用事。男人发号施令，女人言听计从。
Version three: 哥哥持外，妹妹佑内，哥哥侠胆，妹妹细腻，哥哥理智，妹妹温顺，哥哥下令，
妹妹俯首。
Version four: 牛郎躬耕忙，荆钗理家瘦。飞骑赴戎机，红妆织锦褛。 须眉频谋计，朱颜多凝愁。百令生百诺，琴瑟两相受。
Version five: 男种田来女做饭，男打仗来女缝衫。男多理智女多情，男发号令女照办。
Version six: 男人围着事业转，女人围着家庭转。男人遮风避雨，女人针线持家。男人处理理
智，女人情感细腻。一个成功的男人背后必然站着一位伟大的女性。
Version seven: 壮士荷锄兮女持家，壮士征战兮女纺纱。壮士运筹兮女多情，壮士发号兮女服
从。
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
Expressing in the Target Language-operational principles
◇Teaching Contents:
1要摆脱原文语句结构的影响：
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
?对历史研究方法的兴趣较少来自于把历史作为一门学科的有效性的外界挑战，而更多来自于历史学家们内部的争论。
【译文】人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。
Distance from the event should make the memories less painful. 事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。
【译文】时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。
It was an elderly woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
【译文】他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。
2.要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义：
His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. ?他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。
【译文】更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。
But this arms race strained the government's principles as well as its budgets.
【译文】但是这场军备竞赛使政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。 The team is famous for its arsenal of veteran players.
【译文】这个球队拥有众多经验丰富的老队员，很有名气。 3.要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势： Whatever you like to eat, just tell me. 无论你想吃什么东西，只要告诉我。 【译文】想吃什么，只要告诉我。
Even if you go there, there wouldn't be any result. 即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。 【译文】你去了也是白去。
A big nation has its problems while a small nation has its advantages. 【译文】大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的好处。 Foreign intervention will thus find justification. 外国的干涉因此而找到正当的理由。 【译文】外国的干涉因此而名正言顺。
He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes were dim. 他讲得很坚定，但脸色很凄伤，双眼闪出悲观的神情。 【译文】他讲话时语气坚定，但面带愁容，眼神暗淡。
He was but a man with many grey hairs, with a heavy burden of responsibility, of thoughts and worries.
他已是长了许多灰发、肩负重任、心中充满思考和忧虑的人。 【译文】他已是鬓发斑白，肩负重任，思绪万千，焦虑满怀。
Gathering facts, confirming then, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings --
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
this is all the work of science.
收集资料，对它们进行论证，提出理论，对它们进行检验，加上对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是全部的科学工作。
【译文】收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是科学工作的全部内容。
4.要完整无遗地传达原文的意义：
Before we can learn to appreciate those different from us, we must open our hearts to tolerance. 在我们学会正确评价与自己不同的人之前，我们必须胸襟开阔，能够忍让。 【译文】我们要心胸开阔，善于忍让，才能学会正确评价与自己不同的人。 Any person not leaving litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of ￡5. 凡不往这个篓内扔杂物者罚款5镑。
【译文】杂物须扔入篓内，凡乱扔者罚款5镑。
At the sight of Napoleon, the young Frenchman clicked his heels together. 年青的法国人一见到拿破仑就把两只脚跟喀嚓并在一起。
【译文】年青的法国士兵一见拿破仑就两脚喀嚓一声并拢，立正敬礼。 5.遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景：
If a heavy body is to be lifted to a certain height, work must be done, or energy expended, equal to the weight of the body multiplied by the height through which it is raised.
【译文】如果把重物举到一定高度，一定要做功或者消耗能；而这个功或能就等于物体重量乘以物体举起的高度。
The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north, and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.
【译文】美国大陆东起大西洋西至太平洋，横跨4,500公里。北与加拿大接壤，南与墨西哥和墨西哥弯毗邻。
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
Translation skills－Converting
◇Teaching Contents:
Owing to the different thinking styles and language habits of English and Chinese, some parts of speech have to be converted into others during translating to convey the proper meaning of the original. Mainly there are four ways of such converting:
I. Converting into Verbs
A. Nouns Converted into Verbs
1. Nouns derived from verbs（动词派生的名词）
e.g. The 1967 UN document called for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the Israeli withdrawal from West Bank and Gaza Strip.
1967年联合国文件要求以色列从约旦河西岸和加沙地带撤军以解决中东冲．．．．
突。
2. Nouns containing verbal sense（含有动作意思的名词） e.g. A look at his photos reminded me of our school days.
看到他的照片使我想起了我们的学生时代。 ．．
3. Nouns with suffix ―–er‖ do not always stand for people’s identity or profession;
sometimes they embody a verbal sense instead. These nouns are often converted into verbs during translating, especially when they do not have Chinese equivalents.（一些加后缀-er的名词有时并不指其身份或职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有对应的名词时，往往译为动词。）
e.g. He is a very good story-teller. 他极善于讲故事。 ．．．e.g. Some of you in your class are good singers. 你们班上有些人歌唱得很好。 ．
4. Nouns as the principle part of a fixed expression（作为习语主体的名词）e.g. Shall we have a rest? 我们休息一下，好吗？ ．．e.g. He made no mention of his resignation. 他没提到他辞职的事。 ．．
B. Prepositions Converted into Verbs
e.g. Did you see the boy in blue? 你看到那个穿蓝衣服的男孩了吗？ ．
e.g. Drug taking is against the law. 吸毒是违法的。 ．
C. Adjectives Converted into Verbs
英语中表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后做表语时，往往转译成动词。例如：able, afraid, angry , anxious, ashamed, aware, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, delighted, doubtful , ignorant, glad, grateful, sorry, sure ,thankful, etc.
e.g. The doctors said that they are not sure whether they can save his life. 医生说他们不敢肯定能否挽救他的生命。 ．．
e.g. I have to be cautious. 我必须小心谨慎才是。 ．．．．
D. Adverbs Converted into Verbs
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