Chapter one
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the . 2. The study of language as a whole is often called .
3. The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.
4. The study of is known as semantics.
5. Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to . 6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.
7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .
8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is a diachronic.
9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.
10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is . 12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.
13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to the
language.
14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.
15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study. 答案：
1. scientific study of language 2. general linguistics 3. sounds 4. meaning 5. psychology 6. applications 7. descriptive 8. history; changes 9. prior 10. langue; parole 11. prescriptive 12. spoken 13. written 14. conducted 15. types
Chapter Two
1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language. 2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.
3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms of _ .
4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.
5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.
6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.
7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.
8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.
9. Language is first ______through its sounds.
10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______.
11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .
12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.
13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .
14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______. 15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements. 答案:
1. phonic medium
2. labeled articulation phonetics
3. manner of articulation; place of articulation 4. the speech sounds 5. allo phones 6. sequential phoneme 7. varying pronunciation 8. orthographically represented 9. perceived 10. bilabial; stops 11. phonetic similarity 12. oral cavity 13. tense; lox
14. simultaneous distinctive features
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