开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。
②―Leatherstocking Tales‖《皮袜子故事集》，包括―The Deerslayer‖《杀鹿者》、―The Last of the Mohicans‖
《最后的莫希干人》、―The Pathfinder‖《探路人》、―The Pioneers‖《拓荒者》、―The Prairie‖《大草原》, regard as ―the nearest approach yet to an American epic.‖ 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波
④ (笔记上添的) the Critic 评论家认为，他揭示了矛盾 the direction was morally
right
the other practically / inevitable
Leatherstocking: insist on old forest freedom 皮袜子：保存了这些原始森林的面貌 Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order 3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人
①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that
American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。
②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。
③ ―To a Waterfowl‖《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。 4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡
①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。 ②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）
③―The Fall of the House of Usher‖《鄂谢府崩溃记》、―The Raven‖《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection, ―Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque‖《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。 ④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。
⑤ （笔记上添的） integrate 统一性 one sitting →
brevity 简洁
readability 可读性 → totality of impression 开门见山，加强印象 compression 浓缩 finality 要求结局
5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生
①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。
②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强. ③作品：―Nature‖《论自然》、―Essays‖《随笔录》、 ―The American Scholar‖《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration
of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。
④his most important works are ―Representative Men ‖《代表》and ―English Traits‖《英国人》、―Poems‖《诗集》 ⑤摘自《论自然》：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space,
-all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。
6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗
①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多
理论付诸于实践。
②―In Walden‖《沃尔登》成名作。―Civil Disobedience‖《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作
③教义：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or
his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。
★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑
①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hathorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。 ②―The House of the Seven Gables‖七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。
③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.对
清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。
④―Mosses from an Old Manse‖《古厦青苔》、―The Marble Faun‖《玉石神像》
⑤特点⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s
moral nature. 独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。
⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his
short stories. 短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。
⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个
故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。
⑥（课堂笔记提及的）―The Scarlet Letter‖《红字》
⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。
⑵弗洛伊德人格理论：Id 本我 → 欲望，只要快乐 →Roger 女主角的丈夫 Ego 自我 → 分辨对错，受约束，符合现实 →Hester 女主角 Superego 超我 → →Dim 女主角的情人，牧师
⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process
⑦―The Scarlet Letter‖analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the
woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, ―Adultery‖ but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to ―Able‖. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying ―Angel‖. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of ―original sin,‖ Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world. ★8、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔
①―Moby Dick‖《白鲸》，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white
whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。④在书中说：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。⑤故事人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；⑥the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the ―gliding great demon of the seas of life.‖阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为―生命海洋中滑行的恶魔‖。
⑦―Moby Dick‖：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time
on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for ―search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.‖ He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick.
9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗 poet 诗人
①it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology ―The Poets and Poetry of Europe‖. His
own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic
subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 《欧洲诗人及诗》不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料，在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的，中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌，他都一一作了阐述。
②殊荣：he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.
朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。
③The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的诗歌因高雅宜人、纯
正有韵味而大受欢迎。
④he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that
disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正统的思想，但并不保守。他的思想没有受到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。 ⑤特点：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize
American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评价。 美国文学复习：第四部分 现实主义文学/Realism
课堂笔记
1、Realism 特征：①Mechanization 机器化
②urbanization 城市化，许多人涌入城市，阶级差异明显 ③induseridization 工业化
④federal government (race种族平等进入宪法)标志着马克.吐温的《镀金时代》开始 ⑤railway system 工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用发挥了重大作用。 ED.H.Lawrence的作品中突出了对铁路的描写。
2、文化特征：①女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多。②开始关注中产阶级。Mid class. ③现实主 义 realism，New York replaced Boston as the nation’s literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。 3、Realism： Mark Twain local colorist 本土色彩浓厚 Henry James psychologist 心理描写深刻 Naturalism 自然主义 pessimistic 悲观的 Environment 环境
Heredity (lower) 底层的继承
4、Calvinist family Predestination 预知的 卡尔文主义 Pessimism 悲观的 悲观的，宿命的 tone(诗歌基调) tragic 关注死亡 Death and immortality(永恒)
5、两个作家的比较 Dickinson Whitman
关注点： inner world of individual 关注个人内心 Society / large 关注社会 形式： free verse free verse
语言： concise、direct、simple 简洁、直接的 ( diction )
书上内容： 一、时期综述：
1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of
gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。 2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American
romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned.
新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。
3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：
19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and
events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed. 反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。
4、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点
5、自然主义：naturalism, a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，
产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。 Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and
heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。
The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their
lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious ―truths‖ were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的，
代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯, Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞.
6、Darwinism: 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be
was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。
7、William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，
①The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America。十九世纪美国现实主义文学泰斗，提拔许多年轻作
家
②His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material. 不加一分，不减一分，百分之百描写现实。 ③中央视角：an objective point of view
二、代表作家：
1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼
①★free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚 ②―Leaves of Grass‖草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗 Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in ―Leaves of Grass‖are about man and nature.
③关注点：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual ④诗人职责：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会发展。
2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森
①作品： ―I died for Beauty‖ 我为美而死（诗歌） Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same ―Because I could not stop for Death‖我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径 ②特点：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always
quoted by their first lines.
3、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托 小说家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19th century
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