Tape script:
1. Tim Berners-Lee is the man who wrote the software program that led to the foundation of the
World Wide Web. /Who?
2. In the 1980s scientists were already communicating using a primitive version of email. /
When?
3. In 1990 Tim Berners-Lee wrote programs which form the basis of the World Wide Web. /
When?
4. In 1991 his programs were placed on to the Internet. / Where?
5. Between 1991 and 1994 the number of web pages rose from 10 to 100,000. / How many? 6. Right now the world is focused on e-commerce. / What?
7. The invention of the web brings rapid rewards to people with imagination and new ideas. / To
whom?
Part II
A A1: connected system connection stations people A2: Connection of railroads or other vehicles Connected system of radio stations
System linking a number of computers together Tape script
Few things in this world change as fast as languages. Every day, new words are created to deal with new ideas or new technologies. New meanings also are added to existing words. A dictionary published years ago may show one or two meanings for a word; a dictionary published today may list several more meanings for the same word.
Network is one such word. It combines two words. The first is “net,” it means materials that are connected; the second is “work”. One meaning of “work” is a system. Network means a connection of systems that work together. The systems that networks connect can be very different. For example, radio and television stations can be connected in the network, so can computers and even people.
Word expert Milford Matthew found written uses of the word “network” in the late 1800s.
The word then was used as a verb, a word that shows action. At that time network meant the connection of railroads or other vehicles used for travel. One publication said it is only a question of time when the railroads will network an area of the American west called the “Pan Handle”. Another publication of the time said complete areas are networked by trolley cars, which are a kind of electronic train.
Now we often hear network used in connections with broadcasting. The Barnhart
Dictionary of New English says that as early as 1914, people used it to mean a connected system of radio stations. This meaning continues to be popular. A more modern use of the word “network” is linked to computers. A network is a system that links a number of computers together. Networks make it possible for people who use computers to share information in costly equipment. Many companies and government agencies share the same computer network. The computers are linked through a main computer or through special lines. Some people are able to do their jobs from their home computers.
Computer networks also permit an exchange of unofficial information and discussions
between computer users. By linking their computers to telephones, people can buy goods through their computers. They can send messages to friends in many countries.
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Another modern use of the word “network” concerns relations between people. Ideas and
information are exchanged by people who network to share interests and goals. Many Americans network to get better jobs or to meet new friends. Meeting new friends by networking is not work though is fun.
B B1 b. getting assignments and research papers c. attending professors’ “virtual office hours” d. course lectures
Entertainment b. online games Communications b. toll-free phone calls e-commerce orders
B2 Tape script
The proposed merger of America Online and Time Warner anticipates an age when high-speed Internet access is everything. It will be a pipeline for almost all the entertainment, communications and information that people consume.
It is an era so distant to most Americans that they can hardly envision it. And ye it already exists. In fact, it is the only world that today’s college students know. Colleges across the United States have spent hundreds of millions of dollars in recent years wiring dormitories for high-speed Internet access.
When admissions people go out and talk to students these days, the students always ask, “Do you have a high-speed network?” Indeed, for today’s students, having high-speed Internet access is a top priority. They base their housing decisions on it, and restructure their meager student budgets to afford it.
College administrators acknowledge that academic pursuits are just a fraction of the activity on their campus networks. The bulk of the traffic consists of data containing music files, instant messages, toll-free phone calls, e-commerce orders, online games and just about anything.
At a high-rise dorm at the University of Southern California, walking down the hallway on the eighth floor almost any time of day, you’re likely to hear students in separate rooms shouting at each other- “You killed me!” – as they mow each other down in online games played over the network. Friends from opposite ends of the floor simultaneously make for the elevators. They’ve just messaged each other by computer that it’s time to head off to the dining commons. To them, knocking on someone’s door is an antiquated 20th century tradition.
Today’s students register for classes, get their homework assignments, research papers and attend professors’ “virtual office hours” online. Some universities even post course lectures on the Net, so that students can review them any time they wish.
Just as one of the students put it: “We live our lives over the Internet.”
Part III A.
1. the desktop into our everyday life. 2. experimenting anarchy. 3. disappear.
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4. Economies
Tape script:
A-Anchor P-Net Potter S-Specialist
A: We’re gonna take a closer look tonight again at the future of the Internet. Not that we have anything but the vaguest idea where it’s going in the long run. One of the truly fascinating and somewhat unsettling aspects of the Internet revolution is how many technologists and scientists say that the future may hold any number of surprises. So we’re going to inch our way into the future.
P: At the Internet World Trade Show in New York, they see a future when the web is everywhere. S1: Technology is moving from the desktop into our everyday life.
P: Imagine work, society, economics, relationships, all transformed, when anyone, anytime can get any message or knowledge or amusement they want, anywhere on the planet without so much as a wire.
S2: In many ways, the Internet is the world’s largest experimenting anarchy, because all of a sudden, the citizens of the world are in charge, and no single government or governing body is in charge of what they do.
P: Keep in mind that the we, transmitting by satellites, cell phone, cable, goes through no one central location that anyone controls. So many of the boundaries that exist today, political and economic, will be strained as never before. Some scientists say three quarters of the world’s languages will disappear as the net connects isolated places. Already English is what you find on most web pages, blending cultures, no matter how much people try to save them. Economies are changing too. As distance becomes meaningless, white-collar clerical, accounting or administrative jobs are being exported to Asia, just as blue-collar factory jobs were years ago.
S3: Imagine, there are 40 or 50 million Indians, not to mention the Chinese, who could deliver office work to the rich countries of the world for two dollars an hour.
P: So this massive web of information is both an asset and a threat, changing cultures, economies, governments, in ways no one can imagine or control.
B1 person to person/ real many more real 1. relatives friends 3. neighbors 1. careers
4. colleagues 2. medical crises
5. by phone… 4. choosing a school or college B2 more people keeping more to ourselves Tape script:
There’s a professor at the University of Toronto in Canada who has come up with a term to describe the way a lot of us North Americans interact these days. And now a big research study confirms it.
Barry Wellman’s term is “networked individualism”. It’s not the easiest concept to grasp. In fact, the words seem to contradict each other. How can we be individualistic and networked at the same time? You need other people for networks.
Here’s what he means. Until the Internet and email came along, our social networks involved flesh-and blood relatives, friends, neighbors, and colleagues at work. Some of the interaction was
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by phone, but it was still voice to voice, person to person, in real time.
But the latest study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project confirms that for a lot of people, electronic interaction through the computer has replaced a great deal of social interchange. A lot of folks Pew talked with say that’s good thing, because of concerns that the Internet was turning us into hermits who shut out other people in flavor of a make-believe world on flickering computer screens.
To the contrary, the Pew study discovered. The Internet has put us in touch with many more real people than we’d have ever imagined. Helpful people, too. We’re turning to an ever-growing list of cyber friends for advice on careers, medical crises, child-rearing, and choosing a school or college. About 60 million Americans told Pew that the Internet plays an important or critical role in helping them deal with major life decisions.
So we networked individuals are pretty tricky: We’re keeping more to ourselves, while at the same time reaching out to more people, all with just the click of a computer mouse! Part IV
daily communication broadcast programs in print listening failure digit losses ignore
read Intensive training regular commas sensitivity to numbers
Unit 6
Part ⅠA 1-(d) 2-(a) 3-(g) 4-(b) 5-(f) 6-(e) 7-(c) Paris/ 1932/ Berlin Tokyo 1972 Tape script
● Women competed in Olympic events for the first time in Paris in 1900. ● In 1924, the first winter games were held in Chamonix.
● In 1932, the first Olympic village was built to accommodate athletes in Los Angeles. ● In 1936 in Berlin TV cameras broadcast Olympic events for the first time.
● The 1956 Olympics in Melbourne were the first Olympic games to be held in the southern
hemisphere.
● Tokyo hosted the first Asian Olympics in 1964.
● In 1972 for the first time, over one billion TV viewers watched the Munich Olympic opening
ceremony.
B baseball watch games on television or listen on the radio/ American football play the sport/ soccer Tape script:
What is the most popular sport in the United States? That may be an impossible question to answer. There are different meanings of the words “most popular.”
● One way to measure the popularity of a sport is by the number of people who pay to watch
it played by professional teams. Experts say the most popular American sport by that measure is baseball. Each professional baseball team plays 162 games every season.
● Or the popularity of a sport can be measured by the number of people who watch games on
the television or listen on the radio. Then the answer might be American football.
● And the popularity of a sport could be measured by the number of people who play the
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sport instead of just watch it. The answer, in this case, is the game people in the United States call soccer. It says more than 18 million people play soccer in the United States.
C 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (i) 6. (c) 7. (g) 8. (b) 9. (j) 10. (f) Tape script:
Right, everybody. Stand up straight. Now bend forward and down to touch your toes – and up – and down – and up. Arms by your sides. Raise your right knees as high as you can. Hold your legs with both hands and pull your knee back against your body. Keep your backs straight. Now lower your leg and do the same with your left knee – up – pull towards you –and down. Move your feet further apart, bend your elbows, and raise your arms to shoulder level. Squeeze your fists tightly in front of your chest. Now push your elbows back – keep your head up! And relax…feet together, and put your hands on your hips. Now bend your knees and stretch your arms out in front of you. Hold that position – now up. Stretch your arms to the sides at shoulder height, palms up. Rotate your arms in small circles – that’s right – and now the other way. Now stand with your hands clasped behind your neck and your legs apart. Bend over to the left, slowly, but as far as you can. And slowly up. And down to the right. And up. Ok – if we’re all warmed up now, let’s begin. Part ⅡA Section 1
1. a. friendly/warm/affectionate
b. drunk/aggressive/scream/shout/push/people around/smash glasses/monsters
2. He finds it difficult to understand why normal, nice people behave so badly at football
matches.
Section 2 enjoy themselves/no aggression or violence
Section 3 rugby/tennis They sit there silently throughout. Tape script: Section 1
M: I have neighbors who, who are very nice, friendly, warm, affectionate people, and I live near a football ground, Tottenham, and on Saturday I avoid them, because they come back from the match about 6 o’ clock, drunk, aggressive – they scream, they shout, and … after the world cup Fi-, after the world cup when England got knocked out, I was in my local pub and they came in and they started pushing people around and smashing glasses, and I was really frightened and I walked out, and I don’t understand, I really don’t understand what it is about a football match that can turn ordinary, friendly people into monsters. Section 2
JE: But do you think that’s so of a lot of football fans? I mean, I’ve heard other people say they’ve gone to football matches and there’s been absolutely no trouble in the terraces at all. And people have been… sat there, you know, quite happy, opposing teams next to each other.
J: Oh but it obviously does happen a lot. I mean, you see it on the news. What happens when British fans go to Europe? There’s always trouble, isn’t there?
M: Well, but it is, it’s not …it’s …in brazil, for example, where I’ve also been to football matches, people go to enjoy themselves, and there’s no aggression or violence, or… there’s nothing like that. It seems peculiarly to England and a few other countries that football provides people with the opportunity to show their most violent, aggressive natures. Section 3
A: But perhaps it’s just a function of people getting together in crowds, large groups of people
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