被动语态
一、主动语态与被动语态的概念：
语态 ---- 说明主语和谓语之间的关系 英语动词的语态有两种：⑴主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行者
⑵被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者(常常没在有必要指出动作的执行
者情况下使用)
例：They speak English. （主动语态） 主 谓 宾
English is spoken by them. （被动语态） 主语 谓语 介词短语
注：☆及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词必须带有介词才可以有被动语态。 例：⑴We listen to the teacher carefully in class.
主 谓 宾
→The teacher is listened to by us carefully in class. 主语 谓语 介词短语 ⑵Ｗe laughed at him .
→He was laughed at by us.
二、被动语态的结构与应用情况：
㈠ 基本结构：
肯定句式：be +done (及物动词的过去分词)
如果是不及物动词 + 相应的介词或副词 否定句式：be +not +done 疑问句式：be动词（情态动词）放句首
被动语态中的be为助动词，无意义。be可能是am , is , are也可能是was ,were或原形be。 注：☆被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be后面的过
去分词不变。 Eg:
１、Ｔhe song is liked by young people. (肯定句)
２、Ｔhe song isn’t liked by young people （否定句） ３、Is the song liked by young people ? （一般疑问句）
４、Who is the song liked by ?=By whom is the song liked? （特殊疑问句）
㈡ 各种时态的构成（动词以do为例）：
时 态 动词的被动形式 例句
一般现在时am/is /are done He is asked to do this.
一般过去时was/were done The story was told by her mother. 一般将来时will /shall be done The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
Is/are going to 过去将来时should/would be done He said the trees would be planted soon.
Was/were are going to 现在进行时am/is/are being done The novel is being written.
过去进行时was/were being done At that time the desk was being made. 现在完成时has/have been done The house has been built.
过去完成时had been done They said that their work had been finished. 含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+ done Your homework must be handed in today. 其它几种特殊句型：It is said that …….. It is well known that ……. It is reported
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that…… 例：①History is made by the people. (一般现在时)
②The cars were made in Tianjin in 1995. (一般过去时) ③The tree will be cut down next year.(一般将来时) ④The room must be kept clean. （含有情态动词的被动语态） ⑤The door is being opened. （现在进行时） ⑥The film has been seen by me. （现在完成时）
注：☆不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。
（三）应用情况
? 行为的执行者不明确或不必说出来。 Eg: A stranger was killed last night.
?用于强调动作的承受者而不是执行者。 Eg: The story is told everywhere in the city.
三、主动语态改被动语态的方法：
方法分为三步：⑴把原主动句中的宾语改成主语 （如果是人称代词同时应把宾格改为主格）
⑵谓语动词改为被动形式be done(时态不变，人称和数必须和新主语一致) ⑶把原主动句的主语，如果需要的话放在介词by后面，以指明做事的人或物，如果没有必要则省去 （by短语 是代词，要用宾格形式）
例：1）The man killed a tiger.
→ A tiger was killed by the man .(改的过程中要注意时态和语态两个方面) 2）They are repairing the machine. → The machine is being repaired by them. 3) The workers have done the job.
→ The job has been done by the workers.
四、特殊句型的被动语态：
⑴含有使役动词（make /let /have）或感官动词（hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch, feel, notice, observe等）的句子，在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式，但是在改成被动语态时，则一定要把省去的to再加上去，另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to, 但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。
例：①Mother often makes me do some housework.
→I am often made to do some housework by mother.
②We saw him run into the classroom.
→He was seen to run into the classroom by us. ⑵teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy, tell等动词常常带有两个宾语（双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语），改为被动语态时，两个宾语可以选其中任一个作主语。如果直接宾语被提前作主语，那么间接宾语（一般是人）前要加相应的介词to/for。 例：①Ｓhe gave me a pen.= She gave a pen to me. →I was given a pen by her. →A pen was given to me by her.
②My father bought me a new bike.= My father bought a new bike for me. →I was bought a new bike by my father.
→A new bike was bought for me by my father. ⑶由不及物动词（vi）+介词/副词＋宾语的句子改成被动语态时，介词或副词不能丢掉。(前面已举过两例) 常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。
例：①Ｗe should speak to old people politely.
→Old people should be spoken to politely ( by us). 第 2 页 共 4 页
②He took away the box..
→The box was taken away by him. ⑷含有宾语补足语的句子改为变动语态。（宾补放在原来位置不变） 例：①We call him Xiao Ma. 主 谓 宾 宾补
→Ｈe is called Xiao Ma by us.
②He found the book very interesting.
→The book was found very interesting by him.
(5)主动表示被动
Want, need, require 表“需要”时有两种被动语态形式。 The room requires cleaning. requires to be cleaned.
Worth doing 表示被动。
The book is well worth reading.
五、没有被动语态的动词
1. 表示状态或特征的及物动词 如: sell, study, grow, begin, read, cost, fit, have, suit等没有被动形式，
2. 不及物动词或动词短语 如: appear, die ,disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, last, lie, remain, sit, spread（传播）, stand, come true, fall asleep, rise,... result from(缘于)，belong to, consist of
happen = take place, break out(爆发)，break down(坏了)
3.大多数系动词：be ,feel (摸起来)，sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，smell(闻起来) taste（尝起来）,prove(证明)， turn, become, remain, stay等词无被动语态，它们的主动形式表示被动意义。
例：The skirt feels very soft. 这件裙子摸起来很柔软。 Many changes have happened in our hometown. The film lasted for 3 hours. The book sells well.
The kind of cloth cleans/washes easily.
被动语态考点归纳
主动语态改为被动语态时，被动语态应和主动语态的时态保持一致。 We speak English . （改为被动语态） English ________ _______ by us. ［分析］此句主动语态为一般现在时态，被动语态也应用一般现在时态，因此，答案应是is spoken。 注意被动语态的谓语结构：一般现在时是：am / is / are + p.p ；一般过去时是：was / were + p.p ；现在完成时是：have / has / been + p.p；现在进行时是：am / is / are / + being + p.p；含有情态动词的是：情态动词＋be + p.p。（注：p.p过去分词）。
We must take good care of our eyes. （改为被动语态） Our eyes must ____ _______ good care of. ［分析］此句中含有情态动词must，那么，我们根据“情态动词＋be+p.p.”的公式可知，答案应是be taken。
3. 注意句中主谓语的一致关系。
Tea ______ （grow）in southeast of China and India.
［分析］此句中主语tea是不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词应用单数形式。而此句说明的又是一自然现象，因此就应用一般现在时态。所以，答案应是is grown。 4. 注意复合宾语的变化
They couldn’t make the cow go. （改为被动语态）
［分析］the cow go 在句中作make的复合宾语。一般情况下，变为被动语态后，宾语补足语的结构形式、所处位置原封不动地保存下来，但make / have / let / see / watch / hear 等后原可省的to要还原回来。显然，此句中，the cow go 中省去的to应还原回来，因此答案应是The cow couldn’t be made to go.
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5. 注意双宾语的变化。
Mr Smith showed the students two pictures yesterday . （改为被动语态） Two pictures _____ ______ _____ the students by Mr Smith.
［分析］变为被动语态时，双宾语中的任何一个皆可变为主语，一般变直接宾语，但间接宾语前必须加上介词to或for。此句中显然是把直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，那么，间接宾语前须加上介词to，所以答案应是were shown to。 6. 注意短语动词中的“小词”。
The old men and the children ____ in our country. A. must take good care B. must be taken good care
C. must be taken good care of D. must take good care of
［分析］短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，应当做一个词来看待，变成被动语态后，“小词”不能丢弃。因此，此题答案应是C。
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