专题十一、简单句(陈述句、感叹句、疑问句、祈使句)
【命题趋势】近年来中考试卷对于简单句的考查多以选择填空题为主,主要考查在具体语境中陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句的灵活运用。 【考点归纳】
1. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法; 2. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法;
3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法; 4. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别。 【语法精讲】 一. 陈述句
陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法的句子,有肯定和否定两种形式。例如: The picture is beautiful. (肯定) The picture isn’t beautiful. (否定)
Millie plays the piano well.(肯定) Millie doesn’t play the piano well.(否定) They won the match.(肯定) They didn’t win the match.(否定) We can finish the work before dark.(肯定) We can’t finish the work before dark.(否定)
There is some oil in the bottle. (肯定)
There isn’t any oil in the bottle. (否定)(注意:否定句中将some 改成any) 【超级点津】
除not以外,否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句。例如: There is something wrong with his computer. There is nothing wrong with his computer. I have read this novel. I have never read this novel.
二. 祈使句
祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“!”或句号“.”。 1.祈使句的肯定式:
(1)祈使句主语是you时,you常省略,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪
时可以有主语或称呼语。
Be quiet. You be quiet!
(2)please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气,但please用在句末时,必须用逗号
与其余部分分开。
Open the door, please.
(3)“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求,do起强调作用。 Do believe me! Do be careful. 2. 祈使句的否定式
否定祈使句除了以“Don’t”开头,有时以“Never”开头。其结构通常是:“Don’t(Never)+动词原形+其他成分” 例如:
Don’t shout at your mother like that again! Don’t be late next time!
Never leave today’s work for tomorrow! 3. 以let引导的祈使句
Let’s和 Let us引导的祈使句是有区别的。Let’s包括说话者,而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。
Let’s go shopping, shall we? (表示内部的建议) Let us have a try again, will you?(表示向别人发出请求) 三. 疑问句 1. 一般疑问句 通常是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have/has(有)开头,对某一种情况提出质
疑,通常要求以yes或no来回答的疑问句。
—Do you like English? —yes, I do.
— Can you speak Japanese? — No, I can’t.
【超级点津】
一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定,全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯 定的,则用yes加肯定结构;若答语是否定的,则用no加否定结构。例如: ①—Haven’t you ever been to Beijing, Tom?
—Yes, I have. I went there three years ago. (我三年前去过了,这是肯定含义,所以用yes。) ②—Haven’t you ever been to Beijing, Tom?
—No, I haven’t. I hope to visit it one day. (我希望总有一天会去的,这说明还没有去过北京,是否定含义,所以用no。) 2. 特殊疑问句
由what, who, which, whom等疑问代词或when, where, why, how等疑问副词引起的疑问句,叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成,特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答,要根据特殊疑问词做出具体的回答。 常用的特殊疑问句 询问内容 疑问词或句型 例 句 What is your father? Who is that boy? He is my brother What is she like? 相貌特征 目的 原因 what…like? What does she look like? what…for? why how 天气 what…like? 颜色 What is the weather like today? It’s red. what color…? What dolor is her shirt? What did they come here for? Why did they come here? to attend. How is the weather today? It’s fine. To attend a meeting. Because they have a meeting She is beautiful. 回 答 He is a driver. He is Tom. 姓名或关系 who 职业,身份 what
服装尺寸 几点钟 星期几 几号,日期 what size what time what day what is What size does your father wear? He wars 40. What time is it? What day is today? the What is the date today? How old is he? It’s 6:30. It’s Tuesday. It’s August2. He is 18. date…? 年龄(多大) how old 持续多长时how long 间(多久) 长度(多长) how long 距离(多远) how far 频度 how often (多经常) 时间经过 how soon (多快) how many 数量 (多少) How many books do you have? How soon will she come? In two days. How often do you play football ? Once a week. How long have you studied For six months. English? How long is the bridge? It’s 600 metres. How far is it from here to the It’s 6 kilometres. station? (可数名词) How much coffee do you want? Ten. how much (不可数名词) How much is it? Two cups. 价格 how much How much does it cost? how tall(人,树) How tall is she? Ten dollars. She’s 1.69 metres. It’s 450 metres. 高度 how high(山,How high is the tower? (多高) 建筑物) 3. 选择疑问句: 选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接,or前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须具体的选择答复。 ①—Is your car white or black?
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