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lecture 1-3

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Lecture 1. Ideas of Translation

教学目的:旨在让学生使学生认识翻译,了解中外学者对翻译的不同定义,理解翻译的过程

教学重点:对不同翻译定义与翻译功能的理解 难点:对不同翻译定义的理解 教学方法:分析与讨论相结合

参考书目:华先发《新编大学英译汉教程》;王志奎,大学汉英翻译教程》;彭长江,《英汉-汉英翻译教程》;范仲英,《实用翻译教程》;冯庆华,《实用翻译教程》 教学时间:2 节

1. What is translation?

The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言); Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the

English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。

Definition given by Chinese scholars:

翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。(吴献书,1949)

翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,1980) 翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。(刘宓庆,1990)

翻译的定义应该是:“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。”(蔡毅,1995) 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。(王克非,1997)

翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。(萧立明,2001)

Definition given by foreign scholars:

A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒,1790) Translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言。 (奈达,1974)

翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西

准确而完全地表达出来。(费道罗夫,1953)

翻译的定义也可以这样说:把一种语言(SL)中的篇章材料用另一种语言(TL)中的篇章材料来加以代替。(卡特福德,1965)

翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面(也就是意义)不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。(巴尔胡达罗夫,1985中文版) 通常(虽然不能说总是如此),翻译就是把一个文本的意义按作者所意想的方式移译入另一种文字(语言)。(纽马克,1988)

从以上的翻译定义来看,我们知道……???(discussion with students)。译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此翻译有两个要素:准确性与表达性(忠实与通顺)。

Discussion: Translation: a linguistic activity or a cultural activity.

综合各家之长:

翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。

季羡林认为:

中华文化昌盛不衰的原因:新水的注入 一次为印度来水:佛经翻译

二次是西方来水:明末清初至今的西书翻译活动。

中外翻译简史( 见:彭长江《 英汉-汉英翻译教程》P213 -216 )

2. What has translation (translator) been compared to?

1. 普希金:翻译家是人类精神的传递者

2.歌德:翻译是世界上全部交际来往中最重要、最高贵的事业之一 3. I.A.Richard:翻译是整个宇宙中最为复杂的活动之一

4. 《Bible》(King James Version):翻译就是把窗户打开,让光线进入房间;翻译就是把贝壳撬开,这样我们便可以品尝到里面的肉核;翻译就是撩窗帘,这样我们就能窥见最圣洁的地方;翻译就是打开井盖,这样我们便可以获得水源。 Macro-comparison

赫尔德(Herder德国浪漫主义先驱):一种语言在末被翻译之前就如同是一个处女,尚未与一个外国人同床共枕并生下混血儿。

歌德(Goethe):翻译家应被看作是忙碌的媒人。他对一位还半遮面的美人大加赞誉,说她真值得我们倾心。 Susan Bassnett&Andre Lefevere:从理想的角度来说,翻译可看成是两种不同文字或文字背景之间的美满婚姻,使得两者和谐相处,同甘共苦。

Process oriented comparison

Margaret Sayers Peden(美国翻译家):我喜欢把原作想象成一块方方正正的冰。翻译的过程就是这块冰溶化的过程,过程中分子都变换了位置,也有的逃逸有新的

填补空缺,在第二种语言里确立起来的译品是一块新的方方正正的冰,它虽与原来的冰块不同,然而外表看上去却是一模一样的。 Wechsler:翻译是没有舞台的演出。作为艺术家,翻译家与音乐家是同一性质的,他们都把别人的作品通过自己的艺术创造再现给人们,只是翻译家的再现过程没有舞台。

Peter Newmark:许多翻译都是一种方案与另一种方案之间的妥协。翻译是一种变戏法的动作,是一种碰运气的事,是走钢丝。无论对译者、对读者或者翻译批评者而言,只要有点时间,他们总会对已翻译的东西改变主意。

Discussion: What is the funtion of translation in history?

3、Scope of Translation

Translation covers a very broad range.

1) intralingual translation (语内翻译 )& interlingual translation (语际翻译)(from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa )。

2) oral interpretation, written translation and machine translation. (mode)

3)translation of scientific materials, literary works, political essays and practical writings.

4)full-text translation, abridged trans-lation or adapted translation. (disposal)

Lecture 2. Nature of Translation

教学目的:通过对翻译本质不同论述的分析讨论使学生加深对翻译的理解并初步理解翻译的本质

教学重点: 对翻译本质不同论述 难点:理解对翻译本质的不同观点 教学方法:分析与讨论相结合

参考书目:华先发《新编大学英译汉教程》;王志奎,大学汉英翻译教程》;彭长江,《英汉-汉英翻译教程》;范仲英,《实用翻译教程》;冯庆华,《实用翻译教程》 教学时间:2 节

1. Nature of Translation

What is the nature of translation?

Some people believe it is a science, others take it as an art; and yet many consider it a craft, or rather a skill. Most people think translation is more an art than a science. Yet some people are working hard in China to build up a science of translation, which they call TRANSLATOLOGY.

The answer to “what is translation?” depends on how we interpret the word “translation”, for the very word “translation” itself is ambiguous, and the Chinese equivalent “fanyi” sounds even fuzzier. Fanyi may either stand for a subject of the curriculum, a job people engage in, a piece of literary work, or the translating or interpreting work itself. Sometimes, fanyi may even refer to the translator or

interpreter himself/ herself. If the word “translation” refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to abide by;

however if it refers to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like an art, with each piece manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator; whereas, if it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Besides, it entails a lot of practice---particular craftsmanship and skills are displayed by the touches of different translators.

Translation is an art, a bilingual art. In translation, certain skills and technique are needed in order to attain clearness of style, and fluency in language. Strictly

speaking, translation is a kind of science because it has a whole set of rules governing it and certain objective laws to go by in the process of translating just as other sciences do.

Understanding of translation from diverse perspectives

?from the linguistic point of view: translation is, first of all, a transfer of language.

Universal grammar: concerns a transfer between the deep structure and surface structure. e.g.(1) He likes books. S+V+O

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