Modern Language Association (MLA)
Example:
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Last Name Page #
Works Cited
Book Author Last Name, Author First Name. Book Title. ed. Editor First Name Editor Last Name. City Published: Publisher, Year.
Website Author Last Name, Author First Name. Site Title. ed. Editor First Name Last Name. Publication Day Month. Year. Accessed Day Month. Year.
In-text citations General Guidelines 1.
All in-text citations direct the reader to the appropriate source in the Works Cited page at the end of the text. 2. 3. 4.
Author Cited Within Text Format: [Author Last Name] sentence ([Page Number(s)]).
Example: Susan Corning’s research paper about the past, present, and future status of the Environmental Protection Agency shows why protecting the environment is a “global issue” (71).
Author last name and page number(s) are typically included in an in-text citation. There is no punctuation between the author last name and the page number(s). Page numbers are listed without the following terms: pages, p., pgs.
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Modern Language Association (MLA) Author Not Cited Within Text Format: Sentence ([Author Last Name] [Page Number(s)]).
Example: “The world population is not increasing exponentially” (Smith 99).
Footnotes General Guidelines 1.
Footnotes are used to specify pages/sections of sources, listed on the Works Cited page, that are relevant to specific statements in the text. 2.
Footnotes are also used to provide information that is not essential to the thesis of the text. 3.
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Statements, for which there is information in the footnotes, are superscripted with a sequential number. The number corresponds with the relevant comment within the footnotes.
Page Setup 1.
Unlike Endnotes (which are located on a separate page), footnotes are located at the bottom of the numbered page on which the superscripted statement appears. 2.
The heading of the footnotes page (Notes) is centered in plain text without punctuation or font effects (such as bolding or italicization). 3.
Footnotes are numbered with superscripts. One space exists between the superscript and the first word of a footnote. Example:
1
Birtha Fredericson ...
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Modern Language Association (MLA)
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5
Carlos Careezma ...
4. Each footnote is single spaced but there is a double space between each footnote.
Endnotes General Guidelines 1.
Endnotes may be used to specify pages/sections of sources, listed on the Works Cited page, that are relevant to specific statements in the text. 2.
Statements, for which there is information in the endnotes, are superscripted with a sequential number. The number corresponds with the relevant comment on the endnotes page.
Page Setup 1. 2. 3.
Endnotes are located on a separate numbered page at the end of the text. The endnotes page succeeds the text body and precedes the Works Cited page. Five spaces are inserted between the left margin and the first line of each endnote. 4.
Endnotes are numbered with superscripts. One space exists between the superscript and the first word of an endnote. Example:
12
Birtha Fredericson ... Carlos Careezma ...
5. Endnotes are double spaced.
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Modern Language Association (MLA) Reference
Additional information may be found at the Modern Language Association website (http://www.mla.org/).
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American Psychological Association (APA)
What is APA?
The American Psychological Association (APA) style is the preferred means of citing resources in the social sciences circle. The APA writing manual is in its 5th edition and is newer than the MLA writing style.
When is APA used?
APA style is used when writing a psychological paper or any social sciences paper. It is a helpful style when most sources are from published journals, articles, and frequently published works.
How is APA different?
APA references focus on the date and title of a research source instead of the author. This is because one author or journal can have three similar articles, as well as because scientific information changes.
Reference General Guidelines 1. 2. 3. 4.
Center title an inch below the top of the page. Arrange citations in alphabetical order. Double space the lines.
Add the page number and the shortened text title in the page’s upper right hand corner.
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