Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) Footnotes General Guidelines 1.
Footnotes are used to provide complete publication information for unoriginal content or structure of a text. 2.
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Any text, for which there is information in the Footnotes, is superscripted with a sequential number. The number corresponds with the relevant comment in the Footnotes at the bottom of the page.
Format: [Footnote Number (Superscript of Corresponding In-Text Citation)]. [Author Full Name], [Source Title] ([Publication Location]: [Publisher Name], [Issue Day (Unabbreviated) Month Year]), [Page Numbers Without p. or pp.].
Example: 3. Peggy Pie, The Kooky Cook's Cookie Cookbook (New York: Sweet Tooth Press, 31 December 1989), 312.
Endnotes General Guidelines 1.
Endnotes are used to provide complete publication information for each unoriginal idea or aspect of a text. 2.
Any text, for which there is information in the endnotes, is superscripted with a sequential number. The number corresponds with the relevant comment on the endnotes page.
Page Setup 1.
The first line of each note is indented 3-5 spaces.
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Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) 2.
The endnote number is not a superscript and it is always followed by a period and a space. 3.
Endnotes are double spaced.
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Format: [Endnote Number (Superscript of Corresponding In-Text Citation)]. [Author Full Name], [Source Title] ([Publication Location]: [Publisher Name], [Issue Day (Unabbreviated) Month Year]), [Page Numbers Without p. or pp.].
Example: 3. Peggy Pie, The Kooky Cook's Cookie Cookbook (New York: Sweet Tooth Press, 31 December 1989), 312.
Reference
Additional information may be found at the Chicago Manual of Style website (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/).
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Council of Science Editors (CSE)
What is CSE?
The Council of Science Editors was established in 2000. CSE is an extension of the Council of Biology Editors (CBE), which was originally formed in 1957. The CSE goal is to develop an internationally congruent writing style to foster communication and abundant information.
When is CSE used?
CSE is used for work with hard sciences or international purposes. CSE is unsuitable for literary work because of the detail it requires.
How is CSE different?
Like the APA style, the CSE style focuses on citing the date, rather than the author, of a source. The CSE referencing formats include details that help differentiate similar articles in the same work.
Cited References General Guidelines 1. 2. 3.
List sources in the order in which relevant citations appear in the text. Double space lines without extra blank lines between the citations.
Add the page number and abbreviated title heading to the page’s upper right hand corner.
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Council of Science Editors (CSE)
Example:
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Heading Page #
Cited References
Web Document Author. Site Title [home page on the Internet]. Published City (Published State):
Publisher; Year Month Day. [cited Year Month Day]. Available from: URL Address. Book Author Last Name, First Initial. Book Title. City Published (State Published): Publisher;
Year. Total Page Numbers p.
In-text citations General Guidelines 1.
All in-text citations direct the reader to the appropriate source in the “Cited References” list at the end of the text. 2.
“Cited References” are a list of the sources arranged and numbered according to the superscript number of the corresponding in-text citations. The “Cited References” are on a separate page than the text. The “Cited References” are only different from the “Bibliography” in that the sources are sequentially numbered rather than alphabetized. 3.
The first in-text citation is superscripted 1, the second citation is superscripted 2, and the numbering continues sequentially. 4. 5.
Superscript font size is smaller than the font size used in body of the text. As an alternative to superscripts, the number of the citation is placed within parentheses at the end of the sentence(s).
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Council of Science Editors (CSE) Entire Sentence(s) Format: Sentence(s)[In-Text Citation Sequential Number].
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Example: It is important to understand the implications of the word problem, as well as the logic of the formulas used to find the correct answer1.
Part of Sentence
Format: Sentence start[In-Text Citation Sequential Number]sentence end.
Example: They have been proven to play different but vital roles in the ecosystem2 and students should plant them on Earth Day.
Footnotes General Guidelines 1.
Footnotes provide brief extra information in a text. If the additional information is not brief, then use endnotes. 2.
Use footnotes in scientific tables, but not in texts. A parenthetic statement is an alternative way to provide extra information in text. 3.
Footnoted items are superscripted with a sequential lowercase letter that corresponds with the relevant footnote.
Parenthetic Statement: The Footnote Alternative
Footnotes can interrupt readers, increase composition costs, and take up space on pages. Instead of footnoting brief notes, use parenthetic statements as illustrated below:
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