(2)
B. The background of the story ??????? (3)
Chapter One From an individualist to a collectivist ?(3)
A. To make life by himself ????????? (4)
B. To achieve through unity ??????? (7)
Chapter 2 From a worldly prisoner to a disciple of Christianity (7)
…………………………………………
A. A prisoner with no belief ?????? (8)
B. A disciple baptized by Jim Casy and re-baptized by
himself ?????????????????? (11)
Chapter 3 The causes for the transition??????
（11）
A.The biblical influence ???????? (13)
B. The naturalism and social surroundings??? (14) Conclusion (15) Bibliography (16) Notes (17)
摘要
约翰.斯坦贝克生于1902年加利福尼亚的山谷，并攻读于斯坦福大学评》和《人鼠之间》。斯坦贝克的主要的贡献还包括《珍珠》《罐头工厂街》，《伊甸园以东》和《愤怒的葡萄》。斯坦贝克于1962年获得了诺贝尔文学奖，而他最为人所知的作品《愤怒的葡萄》被认为是20世纪的经典作品。这部作品描写了移民乔德一家，被驱赶离开自己的土地，由俄克拉巴马州移民到加利福尼亚州的历史史诗，深刻的讨论了流动工人的悲惨生活。许多美国人，尤其是加利福尼亚州人对这些移民一直持有歧视和偏见，对他们进行虐待和剥削，使得移民在加利福尼亚州的生活十分悲惨：在《愤怒的葡萄》中，通过把一家的故事生动地再现了移民们的经历。此
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文讨论了斯坦贝克对乔德的人物塑造，当作者写《愤怒的葡萄》时，美国仍旧处在经济大萧条时期。大萧条不仅是经济上的灾难，而且也造成了精神上的危机。这部小说展现了压迫者和受压迫者之间激烈地冲突，《愤怒的葡萄》是美国文学里程碑式的著作，描写了经济萧条时期人们对于公正和平等本质的探讨和人们在这一时期的恐慌。
整篇文章可分为4部分，介绍的主要是书的作者和作品的主要背景，第一章，介绍了乔德由个人主义到集体主义的转变，第二章，介绍了乔德由世俗中人向坚持自我信仰的转变，第三章，主要描述了造成这种转变的原因，是由当时的社会环境和主导思想所决定。 关键词：转变，个人主义，集体主义，信仰，自然主义
Abstract
An American novelist, story writer, playwright, and essayist, John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902 and attended Stanford University intermittently. As an author of more than thirty books, Steinbeck achieved his first popular and critical successes for two short novels, Tortilla Flats and Of Mice and Men . His major contributions to literature also include The Pearl, Cannery Row, East of Eden, and The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. He is best remembered for The Grapes of Wrath , a novel widely considered to be a twentieth century classic. The epic about the migration of the Joads , driven from its bit of land in Oklahoma to California, touched off a wide debate about the hard life of migrant laborers, and helped to put an agricultural reform into effect. \portrait of the bitter conflict between the powerful and the powerless, of one man's fierce reaction to injustice, and of a people's quiet, stoical strength, The Grapes of Wrath is a
landmark of American literature, one that captures the horrors of the Great Depression as it probes into the very nature of equality and justice in America.\（1）(Benson,1984:376)
The study of John Steinbeck in this thesis centers on the figures of The Grapes of Wrath, and the whole thesis is divided into four parts: Introduction of the author , the man and his works; chapter one , From an individualist to a collectivist ; chapter two ,From a worldly prisoner to a christen , chapter three, The causes for Tom?s transition. The introduction has provided some basic information about Steinbeck and his literary creations, including his status in and contributions to American literature. The chapter one shows some ideas about the individual and collective thoughts of Tom Joad, the one show the changes take place on Tom?s body and mind, and the results of the changes brought about. The chapter two provides the basic information about the Tom?s changes from a worldly prisoner to a disciple. The chapter three shows the causes for the transition, and analysis the social surroundings and the dominant ideas in that period. Key words: transition：individualist： collectivist ：worldliness ：disciple
Introduction
A The Life Experience of John Steinbeck
An American novelist, short story writer and journalist, John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902 .His father was a government official ,and his mother a school teacher. He grew up at home reading British and French classics. He attended Stanford University intermittently between 1919 and 1925. Steinbeck did not graduate from the
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