of the face or under the chin.
Calming signals are used in most dog-to-dog interactions to avoid or end conflict.If we understand these often gestures, we have a better chance of being sympathetic and living in harmony with dogs.
Has your dog ever yawned (打哈欠), and you thought he was tired？Well, yawning is generally a calming signal.The dog is trying to tell another dog or his owner that the moment is too intense — for example, when we play or train too hard with our dogs and everyone needs a break.
Here are some other common calming signals： Turning the head to avoid eye contact when meeting.This is like saying，“Nothing to worry about here.”
Nose licking, scratching or refusal to look in your direction.These are often used to let people know they are pets, playing or training too intensely.Take a break or change your approach.
Hip or butt bumps.These say, “I like and trust you，” or “Would you mind scratching my back？”
Cocking head from side to side.Dogs may do this when
they hear a strange noise or when you try to tell them a story.It means something like, “I'm not quite sure I understand.”
语篇解读：本文是说明文。人与人之间通常用语言进行交流，但动物之间的交流主要是非语言的。文章主要介绍了狗的一些肢体语言。 1．Which of the following is NOT an aggressive act in dog language?
A．Reaching over a dog.
B．Making eye contact for very long. C．A stranger's petting on top of the head. D．Touching the side of a dog's face or under the chin.
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，抚摸狗的侧脸或者下巴下面的部位是恰当的，对狗来说不是侵犯性的举动。
2．Calming signals among dogs can ________. A．help avoid or end conflict
B．make dogs sympathetic to each other C．help dogs understand different gestures D．help dogs make friends with other dogs 解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，在狗
与狗的交流中，calming signals主要用来避免或终止冲突。
3．When a dog yawns, it ________.
A．feels relaxed B．wants to play C．needs a break
D．wants to sleep
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，狗打哈欠时想传达的信息是：它需要休息一下。
4．What will your dog do if it doesn't know what you want to express?
A．Bump its hip or butt.
B．Cock its head from side to side. C．Refuse to look in your direction. D．Turn the head to avoid eye contact.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容可知，当狗没有明白别人的意思时，它会仰着头左右晃动。
B
In the early 1970s, David McNeill, a psychology professor at the University of Chicago, was giving a talk in a Paris lecture hall when something queer caught his eye. There was a woman in the back of the room moving her arms in a way that seemed to convey exactly what he was saying. It took him a moment to realize that she was speaking, too, and another to realize that she was an
interpreter, translating his words
into French. For McNeill, that moment of confusion made him realize that gesture and speech are not as separate as they seem.
Gesture researchers have spent the past
40 years uncovering how movements are tied to speech. Regardless of their spoken language or culture, humans gesture when they talk. They gesture even if they have never seen gestures before — people who have been blind since birth do it — and they gesture even if they're talking to someone on the phone and know no one can see them. When speech is interrupted, so is gesture. In fact, gesture is so tightly bound to language that differences between languages show up as differences in gesture. In other words, the way you package your thoughts into speech is also how you package them into movement.
Researchers are especially interested in the times when gestures don't match speech. The mismatch can be a valuable window to what's going on in the mind. For example, until about 7 years of age, children don't understand that if you pour a tall glass of water into a shorter, wider glass, the amount of water stays the
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