跨文化交际2

北京邮电大学民族教育学院10-11学年秋季学期跨文化交际课 第二讲

Culture in Chinese and English

? “文“ and “化” are two respectively words as early as the Western Han Dynasty

(206BC-25AD).

? “文” referred to “纹”,ie. Interplayed grains. ? “化”meant to alter, generate and produce.

? Afterwards, “文” and “化” is compounded into one word that is contrary to the primitive

and the natural.

? “Culture”, Latin word In English, means cultivating and growing and developing, eg.

Agriculture and horticulture.

? “五色成文而不乱” ——《礼记·乐记》 ? 引申为“文雅、人的修养”，常与“质”、“野”对称。

? “质胜文则野，文胜质则史，文质彬彬，然后君子”。

——《论语·雍也》

? ①质：质朴 ②文：文饰 ③史：虚浮不实 ? ④彬彬：相杂适中的样子。

? “质朴胜过了文饰就会粗野，文饰胜过了质朴就会虚浮，质朴和文饰比例恰当，然后

才可以成为君子。”

? “文犹美也，善也” ——《礼记》郑玄注 ? 引申为美、善。 ?

? 男女构精，万物化成。 ——《易·系辞下》 ? “化而为鸟，其名曰鹏” —— 《庄子?逍遥游》 ? 可以赞天地之化育 ——《礼记·中庸》 ? 都是指事物形态、性质的变化。

? 公元初，“文化”含义与现在不同，是治理民众、国家的一种理论、政措与方法，是

与“武功”相对的“文治”与“教化”的总称。

? 观乎天文，以察时变，观乎人文，以化成天下。

——《易·贲卦·象传》

? 日月往来交错文饰于天，即“天文”，亦即天道自然规律。同样，“人文”，指人伦社

会规律，即社会生活中人与人之间纵横交织的关系，如君臣、父子、夫妇、兄弟、朋友，构成复杂网络，具有纹理表象。这段话说，治国者须观察天文，以明了时序之变化，又须观察人文，使天下之人均能遵从文明礼仪，行为止其所当止。

What’s the lucky /unlucky signs for the persons in the movie?

? The essence of culture is not its artifacts(手工品）,tools, or other tangible cultural

elements but how the members of the group interpret, use and perceive them.

? People in a culture usually interpret the meanings of symbols, artifacts, and behaviors in

the same or in similar ways.

? It is the values, symbols, interpretations, and perspectives that distinguish one people

from another in modernized societies; it is not material objects and other tangible aspects of human societies (Kuper, 1999). ? Intangible Vs. tangible ? Invisible Vs. visible

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北京邮电大学民族教育学院10-11学年秋季学期跨文化交际课 第二讲

Culture from the Anthropological perspective

Culture is \（文化是某一特定时间或人类群体的习惯、文明和成就）

From Intercultural Communication Perspective

Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a

relatively large group of people. 从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是习得的一套关于信仰、价值观念和规范的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观念和规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。）

Culture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms

? Beliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like

or what is true or false.

? Values involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just

or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.

Norms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. 规范：指正确和不正确行为的根深蒂固的文化原则。这种不正确行为一旦发生就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚

Characteristics of Culture

? Culture Is Learned

? Culture Is a Set of Shared Interpretations ? Culture Involves Large Groups of People ? Culture is changeable ? Culture Affects Behaviors

Core culture & subculture

? Core culture is shared to some extent by all of the diverse cultural and ethnic groups that

make up the nation-state.

? Subculture are groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and

distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.（亚文化：指据有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自身有别于他人这种特点的人类群体。）

Cultural identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously identify

themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as

norms for conduct文化身份：有意识的把自己归为某一人类群体的成员描述为文化身份。

Characteristics of Cultural Identity

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北京邮电大学民族教育学院10-11学年秋季学期跨文化交际课 第二讲

? Cultural identity is central to a person’s sense of self.

? Cultural identity is dynamic（动态的）.

? Cultural identity is also multifaceted（多方面的）components of one’s self-concept. Interaction between People and Culture

? Enculturation and Acculturation ? Category of acculturation ? Culture shock

? Stages of cultural adaptation

The difference between

enculturation and acculturation

Enculturation (文化濡化) is the socialization (社会化) process you go through to adapt to your society.

指对某种文化的适应，是指人类生活中存在的所有、不需要人们刻意传授的学习，即包括从农村到城市，从南方到北方，也包括从一种文化到另一种文化的适应。

Acculturation（文化适应）refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.

当拥有不同文化的、某一群体中的个体和其他文化有持续的第一手的接触时所带来的现象，其结果是原有个人和群体的文化模式都有变化。 3. Categories of acculturation

a. Separation and segregation文化隔离

Separation and segregation refer to maintaining one’s original culture and not participating in the new culture.

b. Integration文化整合

Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity.

c. Assimilation文化同化

Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another. When individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture.

d. Marginalization (边缘化)

Marginalization, or deculturation, refers to losing one’s cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. The person has feelings of “not belonging anywhere”

Culture Shock （文化休克，文化冲击）

Case Analysis: Doubts Why does Wu Lian feel uncomfortable in the new environment?

Culture shock refers to the traumatic（创伤的，痛苦而难忘的）experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.

在到新环境初期，个体由于感受到与母文化的差异而引起生理、心理和行为上的反差、不适

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北京邮电大学民族教育学院10-11学年秋季学期跨文化交际课 第二讲

或失控感。一般在人们进入一个文化环境时发生，随着时间的推移，这种文化休克现象会消失，取而代之的是文化适应。而经历文化适应的时间长短，和文化距离、个人经验等有关。

physical symptoms of cultural shock

Physical symptoms are over-concerned about cleanliness of food, bedding, and dishes, extreme stress on health and safety; fear or physical contact with anyone in the new country; great concern over minor pains and skin eruptions; craving “home cooking”; use of alcohol and drugs; and a decline in work quality. psychological symptoms

Psychological symptoms are insomnia（失眠）, isolation and loneliness, disorientation（迷惑）, frustration, criticism of new country, depression, nervousness, self-doubt, irritability（易怒）, anger, and emotional and intellectual withdrawal. Stages of culture adaptation

a. The first stage (the “honeymoon” stage) b. The second stage (hostile stage) c. The third stage (the recovery stage)

d. The fourth stage (the adjustment stage)

The first stage (the “honeymoon” stage) 蜜月期

The first stage of initial contact, sometimes called the “honeymoon” stage or initial euphoria, is where everything is new and exciting.

其特征是着迷，兴高采烈和乐观。由于积极预期和新奇，个体在这个阶段情绪高涨，对所看到的文化创意持一种积极态度。

b. The second stage (hostile stage) 敌意期

The second stage involves irritation and hostility（敌意, 敌对） with the differences experienced in the new culture.

主要由于现实与期望的差距带来失落、遇到挫折和不尽如人意之处，个体对新环境有一定的敌意和偏见，从消极的态度看待问题，并因此与同一文化的其他人交往甚密。 c. The third stage (the recovery stage) 恢复期

The third stage involves a reintegration of new cues and an increased ability to function in the new culture. In the third stage, you begin to accept the new culture. 个体对新文化中的语言和技能都有提高，对新文化环境的适应能力提高，个体重新从积极的方面看待周围事务。

d. The fourth stage (the adjustment stage) 适应期

In the fourth stage, adjustment continues toward gradual autonomy（自主，独立） and seeing “good” and “bad” elements in both the home and new cultures. Finally,this stage is described as reciprocal（交互的，相互的） interdependence where the person has achieved biculturalism（二元文化主义）by becoming able to cope comfortably in both home and new cultures. Full adjustment can take years.

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