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both countries, people bow to show respect.
2. A hug When good friends meet in Russia, they often hug each other. This is true for both women and men. Russia isn't the only place where friends hug. In Brazil, for example, friends also hug each other in greeting. In Brazil, the hug is called an abraco.
3. A strong, short handshake You know how to shake hands. This is common in many countries. But it isn't always done the same way. In the United States and Canada, for example, people usually give a strong, short handshake. It's short but rather firm.
4. A softer, longer handshake In many other countries, people also shake hands. But they do it differently from in the U.S. and Canada. In Mexico and in Egypt, for example, many people ---- especially men ---- shake hands. Mexican and Egyptian handshakes usually last a little longer. The handshake is softer ---- not as strong. Part I Section C
The word \or religious days. Nowadays holidays include national, seasonal and historical days of celebration. Here are some traditional holidays in some countries.
● February 14 is Valentine's Day. It is observed in some European and North American countries. People send cars or gifts expressing love and affection sometimes anonymously to their sweethearts or friends.
● Feast of Dolls in Japan falls on March 2. It is observed there in honor of girls. ● Feast of Banners in Japan is on May 5. It is observed in honor of boys.
● May 5 is Dragon Boat Festival in China and is held according to the Chinese Lunar Calendar. People eat rice cakes and hold dragon boat races to commemorate the ancient scholar ---- statesman Qu Yuan.
● August 15 is Mid-Autumn Festival in China. It is held according to the Chinese Lunar Calendar. People eat moon cakes while looking at the bright full moon.
● April Fools’ Day is on April 1. In some European countries and in North America, people play practical jokes or tricks on each other and those unsuspecting victims are called April fools.
● July 14 is Bastille Day. It is an annual holiday in France to commemorate the fall of the Bastille.
● December 26 is Boxing Day in Britain, Canada, and the U. S. It is observed as a holiday from the custom of giving Christmas boxes to the tradesmen and staff on this day.
● May Day, known as International Labor Day, is a public holiday in many European countries, the Canal Zone, Philippine islands, and the Latin American countries. It falls on May 1, and is celebrated especially by the working people.
● November 25 is Saint Catherine's Day. The French celebrate this playful holiday in honor of Saint Catherine, the patroness of spinsters, or unmarried women. The day is observed mainly by the Parisian sewing girls who are over 25 and unmarried. It is a day for fun, parades, dances, and receptions.
● March 17 is Saint Patrick's Day. This is Ireland's greatest national holiday. The date marks the anniversary of the death of the missionary who became the patron saint of Ireland. Green is the color of the day.
● Mother's Day is a movable holiday. It falls on the 2nd Sunday in May. Mother's Day was founded by missing Anna M. Jarvis of Philadelphia. It is now observed in countries all around the world, including England, France, Sweden, Denmark, India, china, and Mexico.
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Part II Section A
Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days.
At a science museum in Ontario, Canada, you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, you can look at 17th century instruments while listening to their music. At the Modern Museum in Sweden, you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. At New York's American Museum of natural History recently, you can have helped make a bone-by-bone reproduction of the museum's stegosaurus, a beast that lived 200 million years ago.
As these examples show, museums are reaching out to new audiences, particularly the young, the poor, and the less educated members of the population. As a result, attendance is interesting.
Many museums have changed in appearance. Some of the old, gray museums have been rebuilt, and the newer ones are open and modern in their architecture. Inside, there is modern lighting, color, and sound. Instead of displaying everything they own, museum directors show fewer objects and leave open spaces where visitor can gather and sit down. They also bring together in one display a group of objects drawn from various parts of the museum in an effort to represent the whole lifestyle of region or a historical period. In one room, for instance, you may find materials, clothing, tools, cooking pots, furniture, and art works of a particular place and time. More and more museum directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing. In many science museums, for example, there are no guided tours. The visitor is encouraged to touch, listen, operate, and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. He can have the experience of operating a spaceship or a computer. He can experiment with glass blowing and papermaking. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to the best advantage.
Many museums now provide educational services and children's department. In addition to the usual displays, they also offer film showings and dance programs. Instead of being places that one \ Part II Section B
● Well, i had quite an amusing time in Greece on one holiday because i confused the words for \morning\which is \and \which is \So for several days I was going around smiling broadly at people, saying \to them, and I couldn't understand why they looked at me as if I was totally crazy until someone pointed it out.
● I was in France on holiday, staying in a friend's cottage and one day we decided to go for a trip on the river. So we went along to a place on the river where you could hire canoes. And a friend, who prided himself on being rather good at speaking French, went in to hire the canoes; we decided we needed three, so he asked for \\canoes\We got our canoes; we spent the afternoon on the river; we came back. And Stephen went in to return the canoes and collect the deposit he's paid on them. And as he walked in the door, they said \Part III Section B Gestures of approval
The OK sign (an \
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goodness in North American culture. However, as mentioned earlier it is obscene or rude in many parts of Latin America, Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. To the French, the OK gesture means \or \
Many cultures, including France and a number of Latin American countries, show approval by the thumb-up gesture. But in Bangladesh, the same sign means rejection, not approval! Two thumbs are better than one in Kenya, where this double sign means approval. The thumb and all fingertips pulled together (\hand purse\while waving toward the body, means \in Tunisia. Unfortunately, the same sign can also mean \
In many parts of the world, people often use hand clapping to show thanks or positive feelings. Greeks indicate approval or \can mean approval in Lebanon and Iran. In Tonga, raising the eyebrows indicates agreement or liking.
An Italian gesture of praise or happiness is he \finger into the cheek and twists it. Kissing one's own fingertips is a sign of happiness, joy, and utter approval of something or someone especially in Europe and Latin America. Gesture of Disapproval
Gestures of disapproval, dislike, or \gesture of shaking the whole hand from side to side with the index finger extended and the palm outward. A similar gesture is used all the way in Japan.
In Bolivia and Hunduras, people wave the index finger as a negative sign. In labanon, negativity can also be expressed by shaking the index finger from side to side.
Folks in Barbados express disgust by puckering their lips and making a sound (chupse). In Bangladesh, the thumbs-up sign is used to show disapproval or rejection, not approval. In Greece, Iran, and Italy, a slight upward not (the head toss) shows \
In many countries around the globe, a common sigh for saying \fingers or the hand toward the irritating person or thing. No wonder it is called the \Part IV
China is the biggest market in the world, and many countries such as Germany, the USA, the UK and Russia do a lot of business there. Let's have a look at some important tips to help you be successful with these nationalities.
Firstly, you must be punctual with Germans. Even 5 minutes late makes a bad impression. Being punctual is also very important in the USA. In the UK, it's important to be punctual for business meetings, but nobody expects you to be on time for a social event. Half past seven really means quarter to eight, or even eight o'clock! With Russians, always be on time, but don't be surprised if your Russian contact is very late! It is not unusual for them to be one or even two hours late!
In all four countries, it is best to dress formally and use dark colors. In Russia, designer clothes are very common. Don't be surprised if you go to an office in the UK on a Friday and find everyone wearing jeans. Many companies have \down Friday\when people wear casual clothes.
In Germany, first names are only used with family members and close friends, so be prepared to use titles and last names. In the USA you will usually be invited to use first names almost immediately. The British are quite informal and using first names in business is more and more common, especially among younger people. In Russia, however, nobody uses first names, so use
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titles and last names.
In conversation, the British and the Americans value humor, and both like to talk about sport. The weather is also a good topic of conversation with the British. The Germans, however, prefer to get strait down to business!
Finally, when doing business in all countries make sure you have a lot of business cards. Remember that in Germany, once a deal has been agreed, you can’t change it! In the USA, money is more important than relationships, whereas in Russia it’s important to get to know your contact well. Finally, don’t be surprised if a British meeting seems like chaos, with everybody participating and giving opinions!
So, use these tips, and you will be on your way to s successful international business career! Unit 5 Part I A.
October 1969 first email message March 1972 addresses February 1976
Head of state Fall 1976 Jimmy Carter September 1983 Higher education accounts December 1998
B. as I see it opinion if I’m wrong as a matter of fact believe it or not Information own business standard for now be seein’ you Tape script:
One feature of the information superhighway is that the traffic travels fast, and techies use their own special shorthand to keep messages zooming along. Today we’ll help you decode tech talk by answering some not so frequently asked questions about abbreviations on the Internet.
What does it mean when a message includes the letters AISI or IMHO? AISI stands for “as I see it” and IMHO is shorthand for “in my humble opinion.”
Some modest folks will also add FWIW before sharing their opinion, which stands for “ for what it’s worth.” Others express their disapproval with the letters CMIIW. That is, “correct me if I’m wrong.”
The list of commonly abbreviated phrases on the Net is nearly endless. As a matter of fact, AAMOF stands for “as a matter of fact,” and “believe it or not” gets posted as BION.
Are there any pre-Information-Age abbreviations still making the rounds in this high-tech era? You bet. The old standbys FYI, MYOB and SOP which stands for “for your information,” “mind your own business,” and “standard operating procedure” are still frequently used today even in email.
Since time is getting short, has the Net given us truly short and clear ways to say good-bye? Try TAFN (that’s all for now), and BCNU (be seein’ you). C
1. Tim Berners-Lee 2. in the 1980s 3. in the 1990
4. on to the Internet 5. 10/100,00 6. e-commerce
7. people with imagination and new ideas Tape script:
1. Tim Berners-Lee is the man who wrote the software program that led to the foundation of the
World Wide Web. /Who?
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2. In the 1980s scientists were already communicating using a primitive version of email. /
When?
3. In 1990 Tim Berners-Lee wrote programs which form the basis of the World Wide Web. /
When?
4. In 1991 his programs were placed on to the Internet. / Where?
5. Between 1991 and 1994 the number of web pages rose from 10 to 100,000. / How many? 6. Right now the world is focused on e-commerce. / What?
7. The invention of the web brings rapid rewards to people with imagination and new ideas. / To
whom? Part II
A A1: connected system connection stations people A2: Connection of railroads or other vehicles Connected system of radio stations
System linking a number of computers together Tape script
Few things in this world change as fast as languages. Every day, new words are created to deal with new ideas or new technologies. New meanings also are added to existing words. A dictionary published years ago may show one or two meanings for a word; a dictionary published today may list several more meanings for the same word.
Network is one such word. It combines two words. The first is “net,” it means materials that are connected; the second is “work”. One meaning of “work” is a system. Network means a connection of systems that work together. The systems that networks connect can be very different. For example, radio and television stations can be connected in the network, so can computers and even people.
Word expert Milford Matthew found written uses of the word “network” in the late 1800s.
The word then was used as a verb, a word that shows action. At that time network meant the connection of railroads or other vehicles used for travel. One publication said it is only a question of time when the railroads will network an area of the American west called the “Pan Handle”. Another publication of the time said complete areas are networked by trolley cars, which are a kind of electronic train.
Now we often hear network used in connections with broadcasting. The Barnhart
Dictionary of New English says that as early as 1914, people used it to mean a connected system of radio stations. This meaning continues to be popular. A more modern use of the word “network” is linked to computers. A network is a system that links a number of computers together. Networks make it possible for people who use computers to share information in costly equipment. Many companies and government agencies share the same computer network. The computers are linked through a main computer or through special lines. Some people are able to do their jobs from their home computers.
Computer networks also permit an exchange of unofficial information and discussions
between computer users. By linking their computers to telephones, people can buy goods through their computers. They can send messages to friends in many countries.
Another modern use of the word “network” concerns relations between people. Ideas and
information are exchanged by people who network to share interests and goals. Many Americans network to get better jobs or to meet new friends. Meeting new friends by networking is not work though is fun.
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