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7. 1.3% 8. 9.5%, 0.1%, 10,500,000 9. 27,000,000,000 10. 0.6% Part II A
1. large forces/ national or international level 2. unemployment and inflation/ job creation
3. too high/ demands in the present/ growth and investment in the future B
1. letting inflation increase/ higher inflation 2. a very high savings rate Tape script:
Edmund Phelps has been awarded this year’s Nobel Prize for Economics. Mr. Phelps is a professor of economics at Columbia University in New York City. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences honored Mr. Phelps for his work in macroeconomics. That is the study of large forces that affect economies at the national or international level.
Mr. Phelps correctly identified the relationship between unemployment and inflation. Since the 1930s, policymakers in many nations dealt with unemployment in the same way. They would let inflation increase to create jobs.
For example, they would make credit easier to get. As a result, people would buy more goods. Business would hire workers to meet growing demand, forcing prices up. For many years, policymakers accepted that reducing unemployment required higher inflation.
Mr. Phelps found that inflation did temporarily increase employment. But he discovered that, over the long term, inflation hurt job creation. His ideas were proved by economic conditions in America in the 1970s. That period was known for “stagflation having high unemployment and high inflation at the same time.”
Edmund Phelps also found that if employers expect low inflation in the future, they are more likely to hire workers.
Today, economic policy experts believe the best way to create job is to fight inflation.
Mr. Phelps also studied national savings over long periods of time. Common sense suggests that a very high savings rate is best. But, Mr. Phelps showed that national savings rates can be too high. He argued that saving too much limited demand in the present, which could slow growth. The best savings rate is not so high that it limits demand in the present. And it is not so low that it limits growth and investment in the future. Still, he argued that governments should take action to raise national savings.
Edmund Phelps did much of his research in macroeconomics during the late 1960s and early 1970s. His work continues to influence economists. And it has helped change policy at central banks, which now consider fighting inflation a main goal. Part III A.
1. noisy place/ bell/ lighted messages/ computers/ talk on the telephone/ shout/ run around 2. experts/ salespeople/ buy & sell shares of companies 3. shares
4. a list of stocks sold on the New York Stock Exchange 5. prices/ go down 6. prices/ go up
7. a company that does not earn enough profit
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8. a sharp increase in the value of a stock/ something wonderful that happens unexpectedly B.
1. in 1837 in a newspaper in Illinois
2. old story/ sold the skin of a bear/ before caught it
3. a long connection/ bulls and bears/ in sports/ popular years ago/ England 4. fish/ turn over on their backs/ die
5. England/ centuries ago/ poor people/ banned/ cutting trees/ the wind blew down the tree/ take for fuel Tape script:
Today we tell about some American expressions that are commonly used in business.
Bell sound, lighted messages appear, men and women work at computers, they talk on the telephone, at times they shout and run around. This noisy place is a stock exchange. Here experts, salespeople called brokers, buy and sell shares of companies. The shares are known as stocks. People who own stock in a company own part of that company. People pay brokers to buy and sell stocks for them. If a company earns money, its stock increases in value. If the company does not earn money, the stock decreases in value. Brokers and investors carefully watch for any changes on the big board. That is the name given to a list of stocks sold on the New York Stock Exchanges. The first written use of the word with that meaning was in a newspaper in Illinois in 1837. It said, “The sales on the board were $ 1,700 in American gold.” Investors and brokers watch the big board to see if the stock market is a bull market or a bear market. In a bear market, prices go down. In a bull market, prices go up. Investors in a bear market promise to sell a stock in the future at a set price, but the investor does not own the stock yet. He or she waits to buy it when the price ducks. The meaning of a bear market is thought to come from an old story about a man who sold the skin of a bear before he caught the bear. An English dictionary of the 1660s said, “To sell a bear is to sell what one has not.” Word experts dispute the beginning of the word “bull” in the stock market. But some say it came from a long connection of the two animals bulls and bears in sports that were popular years ago in England. Investors are always concerned about the possibility of a company failing. In the modern world, a company that does not earn enough profit is said to go belly up. A company that goes belly up dies like a fish. Fish turn over on their backs when they die. So they’re stomach or belly up. Stock market investors do not want that to happen to a company. They want a company whose stock they own to earn more profit that expected. This would sharply increase the value of the stock. Investors are hoping for a windfall. The word “windfall” comes from England of centuries ago. There poor people were banned from cutting trees in forests owned by rich landowners. But if the wind blew down a tree, the poor person could take the tree for fuel. So a windfall is something wonderful that happens unexpectedly. Part IV
communicative activity extended
continuously / specific readiness constantly setting up/ constantly testing what he has heard in reality out of his expectation/ get the message
familiarity knowledge the setting already take in pre-listening preparation give some thought to related materials vocabulary work/ fully oriented
Active thinking Ahead of Logical and intelligent Know generally exactly next utterance
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Unit 9
Part Ⅰ A
1. The European union 2. Food and agricultural organization
3. International monetary fund 4. The organization for economic cooperation and development 5. The world health organization 6. The world trade organization B
1. The Asia-pacific economic cooperation 2. the association of southeast Asian nations
3. the north Atlantic treaty organization 4. the national aeronautics and space administration 5. the organization of petroleum exporting countries
6. the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization 7. the united nations international children’s emergency fund C
1. have ended an emergency summit 2. the fourth stop on his 9-day visit
3. have elected their country’s first woman president 4. have met for the first time in two months 5. diplomatic relations 6. has just been named the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize 7. have held demonstrations against growing unemployment 8. two French newsmen 9. two hundred more families separated by the Korean War Part Ⅱ A 1-(c) 2-(a) 3-(b) Tape script
During the first half of the 19th century much thought was given to building the Panama Canal. The discovery of gold in California in 1848 brought an increased demand for a transportation link across panama. A railroad line was completed after 6 years of hard labor in the swamps and jungles. Over 2,000 workmen died from yellow fever and malaria. For 11 years workmen struggled against heat and disease.
The canal cuts thousands of miles off sea journey between the Atlantic and pacific oceans, raising ships from one ocean and depositing them in the other through a system of water locks and a man-made lake.
Some 14,000 ships pass through the canal every year, and pay ＄540 million in tolls.
The canal remains one of the engineering marvels of the world. It played a critical role in the development of global commerce.
This month the United States relinquished control of the Panama Canal. Panamanian resident and former U.S. president jimmy carter signed a document turning over the canal and the land surrounding it to panama.
It was in 1977, during Mr. Carter’s administration, that the U.S. and panama made the initial agreement: the canal comes under Panamanian’s control on December 31
B taking ownership of Panama Canal noon Friday/90 years are planning celebrations Tape script
And panama takes the ownership of the Panama Canal from the United States at noon Friday, ending more than 90 years of U.S. control of the waterway. Panamanians are planning the day of celebrations to mark the event, which coincides with New Year’s Eve festivities. United states late Thursday lowered its flag over the panama canal for the last time with the brief ceremony attended by the Panamanian president. Part Ⅲ
The nature of un peacekeeping missions
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High readiness brigade
Australia, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Poland To provide credible and effective peacekeeping troops
Some critics of UN peacekeeping missions have said the troops often take too long to arrive and are often of insufficient number to do the job Tape script
Mr. Annan says the nature of UN peacekeeping missions has changed in recent years from trying to end fighting between nations to attempts to end more complicated armed conflicts within nations.
“We are rarely faced with inter-state violence any more. But, in truth, we are rarely dealing with purely internal conflicts either. Rather, conflicts today are often a complex mix of the two. Their roots may be essentially internal, but they are complicated by cross border involvement, either by state or non-state factors.”
Mr. Annan spoke to a meeting of representatives of 20 nations that have committed a portion of their armed forces to be available for immediate deployment in UN peacekeeping operations anywhere in the world. Defense ministers from five of the nations that are participating in the so-called high readiness brigade, including Australia, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Poland, were present at the meeting.
Some critics of UN peacekeeping missions have said the troops often take too long to arrive and that when they do, are often of insufficient number to do the job. The UN secretary-general says the high readiness brigade is essential in providing credible and effective peacekeeping troops. “If we show up looking small and weak, we are inviting trouble and I think we have learned that. If, on the other hand, if we arrive quickly with strength and obvious determination, we will invite and earn respect.”
Mr. Annan says the nations that are participating in the standby brigade are making a major contribution to the military capacity of future UN peacekeeping missions. Unit 10 Part I-A
2. Chinese new Year 3. Russia 4. Britain 5. New Zealand 6. In Australia 7. Asia / In Hong Kong 8. Singapore’s 9. In Vietnam 10. Thailand 11. In Japan 12. Egypt 13. Europe Part I-B
1-5 Vienna Ankara Madrid Bangkok Colombo 6-10 Warsaw London Rangoon Mexico City Brussels 11-15 Berlin Moscow Rome Kampala Washington Part I-C
1-h 2-e 3-a 4-d 5-b 6-g 7-e 8-j 9-f 10-i
Many students lack the ability to respond quickly to the English pronunciation of some place names. Therefore, they need repeated practice in identifying place names. Part II-A
A1 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T Statements:
1. Trafalgar Square
A2 1. February 18th 2. for 9,000 years / since 9,000 years ago 3. heart valves
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4. one 5. pig racing
A3 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. C
A4 domesticated / skin / glue / drugs / nominated / charity / fly / out / bacon / thoughtful
I’m a pig, my son is a rabbit, I have snakes for daughters, and my wife, believe it or not, is a dragon! Do I live in a zoo? No, of course not! I am talking about our Chinese zodiac signs. Depending on the year of your birth, each person has an animal for a sign. That’s why I am a pig and my wife is a dragon.
February the 18th is Chinese New Year and 2007 is the year of the pig, so let’s take a closer look at this interesting animal.
Pigs were first domesticated by man about 9,000 years ago, and are still a very common farm animal in many parts of the world. We don’t just use pigs for their meat – almost every part of the animal is used. The bones and skin are used for glue and footballs. The hair is used for artists’ brushes and insulation. The fat is used in the manufacture of insecticides, floor waxes, rubber and plastics. Amazingly, pigs are a source of nearly 40 pharmaceutical drugs and their heart valves can be used in surgery to replace human ones.
Pigs have also been important in the world of entertainment. In 1995 the film Babe starred a lovable talking pig as its main character. The film won an Oscar and was nominated for 6 more. In England you can even go to watch pig racing. A farmer, Rob Shepherd, has been raising money for charity by staging pig races on his farm. The events have been very successful. People just don’t want to eat pigs, it seems!
Pigs also feature in the English language. To say that something is unlikely to happen you can say “Pigs might fly!” A man that thinks men are superior to women is “chauvinist pig”. Hungry? Well then, you can “pig out” and eat lots of food. And what about if someone rescues you? Well, you can say that they “saved your bacon”.
If you, like me, were born in the year of the pig, then you are brave, thoughtful and loyal. The year of the pig is filled with good fortune. Happy Chinese New Year! Part II-B
B1 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F Statements:
1. Chinese New Year has been celebrated in the UK with an enormous circus in Trafalgar Square. 2. There are more Cantonese speakers in Britain than Mandarin speakers. 3. The first Chinese immigrants to the UK ere sailors.
4. There are a handful of events celebrating the Chinese New Year in London. B2
1. More than 200,000 people congregated to watch a huge parade of lions, dragons, drums, and ribbon and fan dancers.
2. Chinese immigrants first came to London in the mid-19th Century, consisting mainly of seamen involved in the tea trade via Canton.
3. A more recent wave of immigration took place in the 1960s when many workers came from Hong Kong to find work in the flourishing restaurant business.
4. Today more than 60,000 people of Chinese descent live in London.
5. This year’s celebrations include more than 100 events from lion-dancing to elephant chess. “Kung Hei Fat Choi!” That’s a phrase that has been heard many times in London’s Chinatown over the last few days. Why? Because it’s Chinese New Year, and the UK’s Chinese community
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