宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。
画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 They planted many trees yesterday.
(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car.
I enjoy listening to popular music. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 6. 宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 用下画线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。 His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in.
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.
We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now. I want your homework done on time. 7. 主补
对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 8. 定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。
a) 副词用作定语一般要后臵。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)
5 He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）
b) 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。 单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。 The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist. （我旁边的那个人）
c) 介词短语作定语时要后臵。
The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）
d) 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式
作定语常后臵。 I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话) The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）
The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）
口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位臵，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。 ① The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
② The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. ③ We need a place twice larger than this one. ④ She carried a basket full of eggs. ⑤ It’s a book worth no more than one dollar. ⑥ It’s a city far from the coast. ⑦ He has money enough to buy a car. ⑧ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑨ There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. ⑩ Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. ? A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. ? He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. ? There are many clothes to be washed.
? Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. ? Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.
状语按意义分类
用活形容词短语作后臵定语（P. 错误！未定义书签。） 9. 状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。
He writes carefully. He walks slowly.
(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语) This material is environmentally friendly. （修饰形容词用副词，作状语）
He runs very slowly.
（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语） Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）
几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间 一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：
He worked hard at his lessons last year. I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning. He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.
正确安排并列状语的顺序（P. 错误！未定义书签。）
频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位臵
位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。 You can never tell what he will do. He is often late.
He is always helping others. He often came late.
注意频度副词的位臵（P. 错误！未定义书签。）
在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。
指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。 I. How about meeting again at six? II. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.
III. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.
VIII. The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy really needs a pen.
10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is.
13. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 10. 同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后臵定语。如： We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”） It’s good to us students.
选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。 The young man, ______,works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, ______, often helps us with study. A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wang’s. D. of him ______, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train. A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs
③ 简单句的五种基本结构
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型结构如下：
主语 谓语
用符号表示为：
① Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
② Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
③ Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） ④ Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） ⑤ Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 主语（subject） 宾语（object） 状语 (adverbial) 表语（predicative）
谓语（predicate） 定语（attribute） 补语（complement）
7 的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, look为实义动词。)
② He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词。)
The silk feels soft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。)
辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。 ① The door stays open at night.
② He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. ③ The book still lies open on the desk. ④ What he said proved true. ⑤ He can’t proved his theory(理论). 常见的系动词
状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。
持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：
He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 The food stays fresh in the fridge. 食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。
The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。 He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。
表“像”系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。如：
Something seems wrong. 好像出差错了。 He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。
感官系动词
感官系动词主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来”, smell“闻起来”, sound“听起来”, taste“尝起来”。 This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
基本句型一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如: It is raining now. (Ｓ Ｖ) We’ve worked for 5 hours. (Ｓ Ｖ) The meeting lasted half an hour. (Ｓ Ｖ) Time flies. (Ｓ Ｖ)
分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )
2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( ) 3. He is smiling all over his face. ( ) 4. I did well in English. ( )
5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( ) 基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。
变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。 He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 如何辨别系动词
She grew rich within a short time.
有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动她没多长时间就富了。
词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。 系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。 连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。如： His face went red.他的脸变红了。 ① She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽What he had dreamt of came true.
他的梦想实现了。
Still waters run deep.静水流深。
终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意。如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果） What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong. 他预言的结果是错的。
用下画线画出下列句中的系动词。 1. His advice proved right.
2. The shop stays open till 8 o’clock. 3. The machine went wrong. 4. All these efforts seem in vain. 5. These words sound reasonable. 6. The room soon became crowded. 7. The days are getting longer and longer. 8. He fell ill yesterday. 9. Trees turn green in spring. 10. What you said sounds great.
系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语 He is a student. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ) Your idea sounds great. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ) 在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词
要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语，要和系动词一起作谓语。 改错：
①Our school very beautiful and we like it very much. ②Your book on the desk. 答案及解析：
Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much. (句中没有谓语动词)
Your book is on the desk.（句中没有谓语动词）
不要忘了使用系动词（P. 错误！未定义书签。） 基本句型三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。如： She likes English. We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday. 用下画线画出下列句中的宾语。
练习1. People all over the world speak English. 练习2. Jim cannot dress himself.
练习3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 练习4. He did not know what to say. 练习5. He just wanted to stay at home. 练习6. He practices speaking English every day. 基本句型四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾 ＋直宾） 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给”，pass“递”，bring“带”，show“显示”。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。 如：He gave me a cup of tea. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ) 强调间接宾语顺序为：
动词 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。如： Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词 + 代词直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。如：
Bring it to me, please. (不能说 Bring me it, please.) 常跟双宾语的及物动词有：
（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。 （需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。
一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make。
He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She bought John a book. = She bought a book for John. 分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。 She ordered herself a new dress.
She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing. I showed him my pictures. I gave my car a wash. I told him that the bus was late. He showed me how to run the machine.
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