9 过去曾经有 there used to be …
似乎有 there seem / seems / seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be … 可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。
此时还表示存在有，但表意要更具体一些。如： There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for “help”. There exists no air on the moon. There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill.
用活双宾语句式（P. 错误！未定义书签。）
基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 此句型的句子特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
The war made him a soldier.（ＳＶＯＣ“他成为一个士兵”，构成逻辑上的主谓关系） New methods make the job easy. （ＳＶＯＣ） I often find him at work. （ＳＶＯＣ）
The teacher asked the students to close the windows. （ＳＶＯＣ）
I saw a cat running across the road. 分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。
1. They appointed him manager. （ ） 2. They painted the door green. （ ） 3. He pushed the door open. （ ）
4. They found the house deserted. （ ） 5. What makes him think so? （ ） 6. We saw him out. （ ）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ） 8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ） 9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （ ）
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （ ） 11. We elected him monitor. （ ）
12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （ ） there be 句型
此句型是由“there + be + 主语 + 状语”构成，用以表达“存在有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词（也有看作形式主语的），并无实际意义。 be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和数的变化。
现在时 there is / are … 过去时 there was / were…
将来时 there will be…/there is / are going to be... 完成时 there has / have been… 可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be …/ there must have been...
______ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work. A. It existed B. There existed C. They had D. There had ______ a beautiful palace ______ the foot of the hill. A. There stand; at B. There stands; under C. Stands there; under D. There stands; at 答案：B, D
there be 与have 的区别
there be …“某地有某物，某时有某事”；have 表示“某人拥有某物”。 改错：
There has a book on the desk. There will have a meeting this evening.
答案：①把has改为is; ②把have改为be。 提示：没有there have这种表示“有”的方法。 双重谓语(仅供了解) 典型例句：
He left this morning very gay.
She left a shy girl and returned a young mother.
分析：双重谓语的基本形式是：行为动词+表语，后面的名词或形容词说明主语从事该行为时所处的状态。用作双重谓语的动词多为那些表示位臵移动变化的行为动词。如：return，leave， go，come，arrive，start等。
句①意为：上午离开时，他很开心。
句②意为：她离开时还是一个害羞的女孩，回来时却是一位年轻的母亲。
正确运用两个“有”there be与have (P. 错误！未定义书签。 )
④ 简单句、并列句和复合句
句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 简单句
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。如：
He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. （画线部分为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）
并列句（参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）
由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意, 逗号是不可以连接句子的，这一点和汉语不同。如： You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away.
表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。 August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 复合句
复合句含有两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构作另一个的成分。（而并列句的两个主谓结构间是并列关系， 而不是从属关系。） 当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。
I. It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。） What he said is wrong. （what he said,是一个主谓结构，he为主语，said为谓语，what是宾语。What he said is wrong. 是
另外一个主谓结构，What he said作主语，是主语从句；is wrong系表结构作谓语。因此，本句是复合句。） II. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother. （The boy over there is my brother.只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。当over there变为 who is wearing a hat时（也是一个主谓结构），整个句子就变成了复合句，who is wearing a hat是定语从句。） III. I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
I was doing my homework when he came in. （I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构，he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语，是时间状语从句。因此本句是复合句。） 从上面这几个句子，我们可以看出：
一个句子如果含有从句，如名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等，这个句子就是复合句。 复合句的从句和主句之间要用连接词连接。
在上面句1中，what是连接词；在句2中，关系代词who就是连接词；在句3中，when起连接作用。
判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。 We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
Right now it is the summer vacation and I’m helping my Dad on the farm.
It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.
We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.
Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.
引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别
说出下列复合句中，where引导的是什么从句。 You can find it where you left it.（ ） Tell me the address where he lives.（ ） I don’t know where he comes from.（ ） Where he was born is not known yet.（ ） This place is where they once lived.（ ）
一个句子有两个主谓结构时，要考虑它们之间的连接问题
A. is given C. being given
B. was given D. given
11 All the preparations for the task ______, and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete
C. had been completed D. have been completed 【2006辽宁】I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ______ Chinese in the school, most ______ were from Germany. A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, ______ with smiles. A. their faces are shining B. whose faces shining C. their faces shining D. faces shining whose
Many students ______ around, I explained the story into details. A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing
一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简
单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。这时我们就
I have five friends, some of ______ are businessmen.
要考虑连接词的问题。直接用逗号连接的两个简单句
A. that B. whom C. they D. them
是错误的。这时，我们有四种方法来改正这个错句：
I have five friends, but none of ______ are business-
改为并列句：我们可以使用and, so, but等并列连词来men. 把它们连接起来。 A. that B. whom C. they D. them 改为复合句：加上从属连词，把其中的一个分句改为【2013上海】________ at the photos, illustrations, title 状语从句、定语从句或名词性从句。 and headings and you can guess what the reading is about.
A. To look B. Looking 改为简单句：把其中的一个主谓结构的谓语破坏掉，
C. Having looked D. Look
从而使其变成独立主格结构。（参看P. 错误！未定义书签。） 改标点：把逗号改为分号（根据句意有时也可用冒号、破折号等）。 I like English, my English is very good. ×
I like English and my English is very good. √（并列句） As I like English, my English is very good. √（含有原因状语从句的复合句）
I like English; my English is good. √（用分号）
I liking English, my English is very good. √ (把一个分句改为独立主格结构)
I have a house, its windows are very big. ×
I have a house and its windows are very big. √ (并列句) I have a house, whose windows are very big. √ (含有定语从句的复合句)
I have a house; its windows are big. √ (用分号)
I have a house, its windows very big. √ (后面为独立主格结构)
利用英语句子结构规律做下列各题。
Five people won the “China’s green figure” award, a title ______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
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