We must take care to get the right kind of frame to set off the picture. ▲Set out 动身，出发；打算，开始做；列举，详述；摆好，布置 They set out/off at six and hoped to arrive before dark.
He set out to cut the grass, but he finished/ended up talking to the neighbor over the garden wall. The arguments for and against the scheme have been set out in a booklet which will appear shortly. The ties were attractively set out to draw in the customers. ▲Set up 支起来；建立，成立；创纪录
I participated in the street fair, selling tickets and setting up booths. The Lord Mayor set up a fund for the victims of the disaster. He set up a new record when he ran a mile within four minutes. 例题：
1. Recent years have shown that natural disasters can bring down governments and even _______ wars. A. set off
B. set out
C. set up
D. set down
2. After the tsunami, the journalist immediately ________ to obtain information about the victims, but it was hard to send it out. A. set off
21. take as 看作，认为是 (see…as/ look on/upon…as, consider…as, regard…as, think of…as; count…as)
Am I to take this excuse as a reason for your behavior?
These first six books can be taken as the pattern of the whole work. ▲Take away 拿走；使离开；使消失
I want to take away the book which you showed me yesterday.
Father was convinced that Teddy was unhappy at boarding school, and he made arrangements to take him away.
Now, I’ll give you some tablets to take away your pain. ▲Take back 收回（诺言，话语等）；送回，还回/退货 Renny, I should like to take back what I said about you.
According to the treaty, China took back Hong Kong on July 1st, 1997. Shopkeepers will not usually take back goods after they have been paid for. ▲Take down 拿下，取下；记下来
When the picture was taken down, the wall looked very bare. The motorist’s name and address were taken down by the policeman. ▲Take for （错）当作；以为是 (take…to be)
He speaks English so well that he is often taken for a native. Don’t take silence for approval. (to consider mistakenly)
These creatures are generally taken to be descended from primitive fishes. *take … for granted 想当然，认为理所当然
It is taken for granted that everyone is equal before the law.
The extraordinary scope of our memory is just one of the many wonders of the human body that we take for granted.
▲Take in 欺骗，哄骗，使上当；理解，领会，吸收；容留（take sb. in） Don’t trust that fellow, he’ll take you in if he gets the chance. I don’t allow myself to be taken in by sales talk.
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B. set up C. set about D. set out
They listened to my lecture, but how much did they take in, I wonder? ▲Take into account/consideration 把…考虑进去；考虑到 （allow for）
His acting in the play was remarkable, taking into account his youth and inexperience. ▲Take off 脱下；起飞/腾飞；匆匆离开；取消，停止（使用） He took off his hat and bowed politely as he passed. Every now and then a new plane would take off.
His career began to take off after his new product was well received. Some local trains have been taken off, as there was no demand for them. ▲Take on 开始具有，获得，呈现；从事，承担；雇佣
Now her hair has taken on a healthy shine. / Our city has taken on a new look. I’ll take the work on, but I can’t tell you exactly when I’ll finish it. A task like this should not be taken on without a great deal of forethought. The factory has opened and is beginning to take on new workers. ▲Take over 接替（职务），接管
Miss Smith is leaving to get married and Miss Jones will be taking over the class. Henry has taken over the running of the family firm from his elder brother.
▲Take up 开始学（课程），选修；从事某活动/发展某爱好；开始做(某工作)；占用（时间/空间） She has taken up flower-decoration at evening classes. After retirement, his grandfather took up gardening as a hobby. She took up the narrative（叙述）where John had left off. He takes up his duties as representative for this area next year. Attending to a husband and six children takes up most of her time.
He has a very small room and most of the space is taken up by a grand piano. 例题：
1. By adding genes from a fish, the tomatoes ________ a shinier appearance like that of a fish. A. took up
B. took over B. taken in
C. took on
D. took away D. taken on
2. Don't be _______ by products claiming to help you lose weight in a week. A. taken down
22. turn against 转而反对，变得对…不满；使…反对（对…不满）
Many of his former associates turned against him when it became known how he had abused his position of trust.
He had the distinct impression that everyone was turning against. She tried to turn the children against their father but failed. ▲Turn around(round) 转回身，往回开
He turned around to find a policeman eyeing him suspiciously.
We’ve come on too far; turn the car round and go back to the last village. ▲Turn away 转身不看；不承担，不理睬；拒不接受（纳）(from) She turned away in horror at the sight of so much blood.
You shouldn’t turn away from all your old friends just because of your success. How can you turn away from a soldier who was wounded? ▲Turn down 调低音量；拒不接受，拒绝
I wish the people in the next flat would turn down their wireless. He was poor but proud, and turned down every offer of help.
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C. taken over
I applied for the job but they turned me down because I didn’t know German. ▲Turn in 上交，交回，送还，交给（警察）；上床睡觉 Bill is a hard-working student. He turns in two essays every week. Don’t forget to turn in all your camping gear（设备）before you leave. I know you think I probably deserve it, but please don’t turn me in. I want to turn in early tonight and get a good night’s rest. ▲Turn into 变为，使变为；翻译为，变为（另一中文体）
They had to grope（摸索）their way through a mist that was rapidly turning into a thick fog. The magic spell（魔咒）turned the frogs and rats back into men. Could you turn this piece of prose into verse?
▲Turn off 关上（收音机、电视、电灯、水龙头等）；离开（公路）；使对…失去兴趣，使反感 Be sure to turn off all the lights when you leave the laboratory.
The truck turned off the main road along the gravelly track which led to the farm. People with loud voices turn me off.
▲Turn on 开（收音机等）；使感兴趣，吸引；向…进攻，责怪；以…为转移，取决于 Babbitt turned on his bath water. Mozart’s music always turns me on.
There’s no need to turn on me just because rain spoiled the picnic. The success of a party turns on the guests invited.
▲Turn out 关掉（电灯或煤气）；结果是；生产，制造，造就；（人群）出来（参加活动） She turned out the light and followed her husband upstairs.
At length she turned out the gas and lay down by her little daughter. I was afraid things weren’t going to turn out smooth for you. (+adj.) Do you think the crops will turn out well this year? (+adv.)
Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day. (+to be) It turned out that this method does not work well. (+that)
We arrived at this place, and everything turned out as described. (…) As it turned out, it was not snakes that disturbed us that evening. (…) The factory is now turning out a thousand cars a month. The school has turned out some good scholars.
The hungry people turned out in a demonstration which frightened the ruling classes. ▲Turn over 移交，交给；翻页(to)，随便看看；（使）翻身，翻转；撞翻，翻到 To whom should we turn over the keys when we leave the apartment? Luckily my watch was turned over to the lost property office. He turned over a page or two, but was not interested.
When his alarm went off he just turned over and went to sleep again. The canoe turned over, throwing the boys into the water. The lamp was turned over and that was what started the fire.
▲Turn to 找（某人寻求帮助等）；查阅（某书），求助于refer to；变成；把…转向 Frank assured me that if I ever needed financial help I could always turn to him. I have turned to all the well-known reference books for help. (refer to)
It would have taken hours to work the sum out, so I turned to my pocket calculator. Their relationship was turned to enmity through idle gossip.
After he left the university he became a teacher, but later turned to journalism.
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▲Turn up 来赴约，出席，出现；发生（某情况）；把（音量）调高；卷起；发现，发掘；（经济等）好转；使作呕，使难受
If he doesn’t turn up soon, we’ll have to go without him. Thirty people were expected, but only twenty-four turned up. Don’t bother to look for my umbrella; it will turn up somewhere. I shall meet you at Forli on Friday, then, unless anything special turns up. Turn up the gas; vegetables should be cooked quickly. The collar of his overcoat was turned up against the bitter wind. The police searched the house hoping to turn up more clues.
Investment is turning up sharply, including a flood of new projects flowing into the region on the back of （紧接着）the Industry Act.
It turned me up to think of children being made to suffer.
▲Turn a blind eye to/on视而不见；不计较; turn a deaf ear to 充耳不闻，不理会 Turn over a new leaf翻开新的一页，改过自新； 例题：
1. I hitchhiked to Chicago, knocked on the door of every station, but got ________ every time. A. turned off A. turn over
II. 同根介词或副词与不同动词搭配短语归纳 l．动词+about
speak／talk about 谈论 think about 思考 care about 关心，对……有兴趣 bring about 引起，使发生
set about 着手，开始 come about 发生
hear about 听说 worry about 为……担心 2．动词+away throw away 扔掉
blow away 吹走 clear away 清除掉，消散 pass away 去世 take away 拿走，使消失 give away 背弃，泄漏，赠送 break away 摆脱 turn away 把……打发走 look back(on) 回顾 give back 归还 take back 拿回，收回
carry away 拿走，使入迷 die away 逐渐消失,减弱 wash away 冲走
B. turned down B. turn on
C. turned up C. turn into
D. turned away D. turn to
2. With no one to ________ in her desperate situation, she felt quite miserable.
put away 收拾起来，存起来 wear away 磨掉，消耗 send away 让走开 3．动词+back
keep back 隐瞒，忍住 hold back 控制住 call back 回电话
4．动词+for run for 竞选 wait for 等候 long for 渴望
ask for 要求得到 stand for 代表，表示 hope/wish for 希望得到
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