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新目标英语八年级下第10单元知识讲解及随堂练习

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Unit 9 I've had this bike for three years.

Teaching Goals:

1. Learn and master the new words and phrases: 2. Talk about past experience ( present perfect tense)

Important Points of Teaching

1. Train the students' ability by talking past experience (present perfect tense ) 2. Train the students' listening ability by listening practice.

Difficult Points of Teaching

1. The usage of since and for in the present perfect tense

Teaching Methods:

1. Talk about fun places to arouse the ss' interest in the past experience. 2. Asking-and-answering activities to improving the ss' speaking

Key points:

1. since &for

since和for是现在完成时态中常见的表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态的标志词。Since “自从??”,for “持续了??”。since用来说明动作的开始时间,for用来说明动作延续的时间长度。 since

1 ○

+过去的时间点,如:年,月,日,几点等 Since 1989 +时间段+ago since 3 month ago +一般过去时的从句 since you left me

2It is+时间段+since+一般过去时的从句 ○

It is five years since I came here. 2. for for+一段时间

3. since与for的句式转换

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since+时间段+ago=for+时间段

They haven't changed since twenty years ago.=They haven't change for twenty years. 注意:

延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,短暂性动词表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。若现在完成时的句子中含表示时间段的时间状语(如含since,for引导的时间状语),则谓语只能使用延续性动词。

持续性动词: 表示动作通常是持续性的,如:

live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach,eat,drink,write,dance, sing,smoke ①常与段时间连用。例如:Mr Zhang has lived here for two years.张先生在这儿住了两年了。 He has taught there since 1987.自1987年来他一直在那儿教书。 ②不与点时间连用(do, have, eat等除外)。 例如:Mary has worked at eight. (×) She walked at five yesterday. (×)

瞬间性动词: 表示动作开始即停止,如:open,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start enter,finish,arrive,borrow,buy,break,close,come,fall,go,leave,lend,marry, reach,receive , sell,等。 a. 从“开始发生”到 “结束/终止”, 几乎同时或在极短的时间里(如‘几秒钟/几分钟内')就完,成了“开始—结束”的过程,如 “Close the door”, “Open the door”

b. 有些瞬间动词的“开始—结束的过程” 可能稍微长一些,但也不会很长的,如, “buy sth(买下)”付了款、拿了发票即完成了。 所以,“我买了这块手表5年了”,在汉语中说的通,但英语的表达就不能说:

I have bought the watch for five years. buy sth ---- have sth (拥有)---have/has + had sth for? A: I have had the watch for 5 years.

B: It is (has been) five years since I bought the watch. C: I bought it 5 years ago.

同理,“borrow sth” “借书”在办理了相关的‘登记'手续后就 结束了,不可能“借” 几个星期 或好几年的! 汉语“这本书我已经借用了2星期了。” 的意思是:

“我两周前(borrowed it),(在归还前)现在它还在我手里(I still have it or I'm still reading it.) Right or Wrong?

A: I have borrowed the book for two weeks. . (×)

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B: I have had / kept it for two weeks. C: It's 2 weeks since I borrowed it. D: I borrowed it 2 weeks ago.

总结:终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的,所以不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语连用,因为否定本身就是可以延续的。 如:have a cold是持续性动词,表示“状态”,可与表延续性的时间状语连用,不定冠词不能省略。 终止性动词构成的现在完成时,不可以用表示一段时间的状语(如:since 和for引导的短语)来修饰,终止性动词构成的现在完成时,只表示动作发生的因果关系,不能表示动作的延续,因此不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰。

如可以说:The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.

但不可说:The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days. 因为start是终止性动词, 它所表示的动作短促, 当红十字会出发时,start这个动作便结束了, 不可能延续两天。 常与点时间连用。

例如:She often goes to bed at ten.她经常十点钟睡觉。 不能与段时间连用。

例如:He has joined the army for two years. (×)She has come here for half an hour. (×) 此外,终止性动词与延缓性动词在翻译上也不同,很易混淆。 就终止性动词与延缓性动词的含义问题

1. 在连词since引导的时间状语从句中, 用终止性动词的过去时或用延缓性动词过去时,其含义是大不相同的。

A. since所引导的时间状语从句中,如果句子谓语是终止性动词的过去时, 则从句表示的时间是从“那一时刻开始”。

eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从他来校以来,一贯努力学习。 B. 在since所引导的时间状语从句中,其谓语是延缓性动词的过去时,那么从句所表示的时间是从延缓性动词所表示的动作结束时算起。

eg. I haven't heard any noise since I slept. 自从我醒后,没听见任何声音。 2.介词for引导的时间状语,在翻译时有两种不同的情况:

A.介词for引导的时间状语和延缓性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用时,有两种不同的含义。 He has not lived there for six months.他不住在那儿已六个月了(他住在那儿还不到六个月。)

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B.介词for引导的时间状语和终止性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用,只有一种含义。 eg. Mary has not left here for six months. 玛丽已六个月没有离开过这儿了。

句中含有till 或until 引导的短语或从句,从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是终止性的

注意两种情况:

1. 如果主句中动词是延续性的动词,动词肯定或否定都可以,只是含义不同。

2. eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back. 他听无线电一直到他父亲回来为止。 eg. He didn't listen to the radio until his father came back.. 直到他父亲回来,他才听无线电。 2. 如果主句中的谓语动词是终止性动词,则只能用否定式。 eg. Mr. Smith didn't marry until he was forty- five. (right)

史密斯先生到四十五岁才结婚。 Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong) 1) 用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示\做??直到??\瞬间动词用于否定句,表示\到??,才??\

He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回

来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 I've had a cold since my arrival(到达 n.).

I didn't go to school because I had had a bad cold for days.

catch a cold是短暂性动作,表“动态”:它不能和延续性时间状语连用,不定冠词“a”可有可无,catch可用take,get代替。

Put on your coat,or you'll catch/take/get a cold. Take care not to get cold.

但是,若cold前有形容词修饰时,则不定冠词不能省。 如:Brown has taken a slight cold. 注意下列句子:

I have caught a cold for over a week.(×) I have had a cold for over a week.(对)

延续性动词常不能和表示一个短暂具体的时间状语连用;这类动词如用于进行时态,则可以

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