语法精讲强化系列
七、定语从句
考纲解读
定语从句是高考的热点, 主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用, 特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。主要考点有: 1. 关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句; 2. 关系副词where引导的定语从句(近三年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况); 3. “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句; 4. as引导的非限制性定语从句。
考题链接
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·天津6月高考)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than those who are not.
2. (2019·浙江6月高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth which/that gives off light in the dark.
3. (2018·天津高考)Kate, whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
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4. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
5. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government started a soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers. Ⅱ. 单句改错
6. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish. (which前加介词in或将which改为where)
7. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. (that改为which)
解题思路
1. 首先, 要准确地判断出是不是定语从句。判断的依据就是看从句中是否缺少成分(主语, 定语, 宾语, 表语或者状语), 因为缺少成分是定语从句的特征。 2. 其次, 找出先行词(即定语从句所要修饰的词), 先行词和从句中所缺少的词是同一个。从句中缺少什么成分, 先行词在从句中就做什么成分。将先行词代入定语从句, 观察还原后的句子是否完整或是否还需添加适当的介词或副词。 3. 再次, 判断出该词是人还是物体, 就此选定关系词的范围。先行词是人, 可以考虑who, whom, that, whose; 先行词是物, 可以考虑that, which, whose。 最后, 观察一下先行词是否是特殊的词, 对关系词是否有要求。
考点清单
考点1 5组易混关系代词的用法辨析
1. 只用that不用which的情况
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(1)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。
*All that you need to do is focus on one thing.
(2)先行词被the only, any, few, no, very等修饰时。 *Australia is the only country that is also a continent.
(3)先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。 *This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. (4)先行词为人、物并用时。
*Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? (5)主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 *Which is the bike that you lost?
(6)先行词在主句中作表语, 而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。 *Shandong is no longer the province that it used to be. 2. 只用which不用that的情况 (1)关系代词前有介词时。
*Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born? (2)引导非限制性定语从句时。
*Before people retire, they usually plan to do a lot of great things, which they never have time to do while working. (3)先行词为that/those时。
*What’s that which was put in the car? (4)which用作定语时。
*He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.
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3. the same. . . as与the same. . . that
the same. . . as表示相似或同类的东西; the same. . . that表示同一人或物。 *This is the same book as he lent me last week. *This is the same book that he lent me last week. 4. such/so. . . as与such/so. . . that
such/so. . . as(定语从句)像……那样(as在从句中作主语、宾语等); such/so. . . that(状语从句)如此……以至于(that在从句中不作任何成分)。 *This is such an easy question as I can answer. *This is such an easy question that I can answer it. 5. as与which
(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前, 也可以放在主句后, 有时还可插入主句中。which引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句之后。
(2)as意为“正如……”, 后面的谓语动词多用see, know, expect, say, mention, report等; which意为“这一点”或“这件事”等。 *Need for Speed is a very successful film, as is known to all. *The sports meeting was put off, which astonished us.
用适当的关系词填空
(2019·天津高考 )I could only have left it on the G9 bus, ______ was now speeding in the dark to some unknown station.
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为非限制性定语从句, 应用关系代词which作主语, 代指前面的the G9 bus。 答案判定: which
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