meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.（T/F） 术语：Contextualism 语境论
解释：语境论以这样的假设为基础：人们可以从显而易见的语境中推知或归纳出语义。
术语：Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context. 语境论以这样的假设为基础：人们可以从显而易见的语境中推知或归纳出语义。语境有两种：情景语境和语言语境。语境论认为语言的意义离不开使用语言的语境，语义不是抽象的，它存在于语境之中，它来自语境，取决于语境。
解释：The theory holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation,use, context elements closely linked with language behavior, a representative of this approach was J.R.Firth.这种理论认为意义应当从场景、运用、语境这些与语言行为紧密相联的成分的角度来进行研究。这一点的代表人物是约翰·鲁南特·弗斯。
15. Behaviorism 行为主义论
自测：Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. （T/F） 术语：Behaviorism 行为主义论
解释：行为主义者试图将语言形式的意义定义为“言者发出该形式的场景和他在听者身上所起的反应”。 术语：
Behaviorists define meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.行为主义者试图将语言形式的意义定义为言者发出该形式的场景和他在听者身上所起的反应。 解释：
Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.
语义的行为主义论和语义的语境论有相似之处，它也把语义放到语境中去研究，但它更注重人的心理活动，认为语言的意义存在于语言使用者在交际过程中对听到话语的反应。 16. Conceptual meaning 概念意义
自测：According to Leech, ______meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.
术语：Conceptual meaning 概念意义
解释：根据利奇所说，概念意义指的是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。 术语：It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes or refers to. In this sense, conceptual meaning overlaps to a
large extent with the notion of reference. But Leech also uses “sense” as a briefer term for his conceptual meaning. As a result, Leech’s conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.
概念意义就是指一个词本身所代表的字面意义或核心意义。在这一意义上讲，概念意义与“所指”这一概念在很大程度上是重合的。但是利奇用这一更简洁的术语“意义”来代替“概念意义”。因此利奇的概念意义就包括两方面：涵义和所指。
解释：Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. 概念意义又叫做外延意义或者认知意义，是言语交际中语言的重要组成部分。概念意义谈论的是一个词本身所代表的字面意义或核心意义。
17. Associative meaning 联想意义
自测：Which of the following is NOT included in G.Leech’s seven types of meaning?(大连外国语2008研)
A. Connotative meaning B. Denotative meaning C. Conceptual meaning
术语：Connotative meaning 内涵意义 social meaning 社会意义 affective meaning 感情意义 reflected meaning 反射意义 Collocative
meaning 搭配意义
解释：利奇的七种意义中不包含外延意义。而主要有三种类型，七种意义组成。包括概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、感情意义、反射意义、搭配意义以及主位意义。
术语：associative meaning– meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific. 联想意义是与所指意义有联系的，不稳定，更注重文化方面的意义。
解释：Associative meaning including the following five parts: Connotative meaning– the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral；Social meaning (stylistic meaning) – what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression；Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to；Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression；Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it.
联想意义包含下面五个部分：内涵意义-通过语言所指所传达的意义；社会意义-所传达的关于社会环境的意义；感情意义-所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义；反射意义-通过同一表达方式的其他意思所传达的意义；搭配意义-通过词语的常用搭配来传达的意义。
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