18. Thematic meaning 主位意义
自测：According to G.Leech, ________meaning refers to what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.
术语：Thematic meaning 主位意义
解释：根据利奇，主题意义就是指通过调整信息的顺序和强调内容所表达的意义。
术语：Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.主题意义就是指通过调整信息的顺序和强调内容所表达的意义。
解释：it is the most peripheral meaning since it is determined only by the way words are ordered and the emphasis they each receive. 主位意义是最边缘的意义，因为它只由语序和重音来决定。 19. Connotation
自测：Scrapple is an inexpensive meal.（T/F）
negative connotation: cheap positive connotation: thrifty
术语：Connotation: 内涵意义，隐含意义；转义
解释：内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西（词、语等）。 术语：A connotation is a commonly understood cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries. 内涵意义指的是文化或者情感所赋予的某些词或短语的意义。
解释：而connotation又名non-inherent meaning, secondary meaning，其对应的汉译除了《英汉大词典》所提出的“内涵意义，隐含意义；转义”之外，还有“涵义”、“比喻意义”、“引申意义”、“次要意义”等名称。
20. Denotation（出自英汉大词典）
自测：The denotation of a term is its exact and literal meaning. Consider the word home. Its denotation, or precise meaning, is “residence or fixed dwelling place. ”（T/F）
术语：Denotation ：（词等的）指示意义，本义 解释：（词等的）指示意义，本义。 术
语
：
Denotation: the direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word or term.词汇或者术语的直接的简洁的意义。 解
释
：
Denotation
，
又
称
dictionary meaning, inherent meaning, central signification，其对应的汉译除了《英汉大词典》所提出的“指示意义，本义”之外，尚有“词典意义”、“所指意义”、“中心意义”、“外延意义”等译名； 21. Entailment
自测：The sense relationship between “John plays the piano” and “John plays a musical instrument” is______.(北二外2004研) A. Synonymy B.antonymy C. Entailment 术语： Entailment 包含关系
解释：entailment指的是两个句子的包含关系。
术语：X entails Y (Y is an entailment of X)X蕴涵Y (Y是X的蕴涵) 蕴涵是一种包含关系。如果X蕴涵Y，X的意义就为Y所包含。 解释：If that one sentence is true gives us certain knowledge of the truth of the second sentence, then the first sentence entails the second. So entailment is a type of meaning-dependence between one sentence and another. Entailment is concerned with the meaning of the sentence itself. It does not depend on the context in which a sentence is used. 如果知道一个句子的真假能够判断另一个句子的真假，那么第一个句子就蕴含了第二个句子。蕴含只与句子的自身含义相关，它不依赖于句子所处的情境。 22. Presupposition
自测：( T/F )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. 术语：Presupposition 预设
解释：预设也就是所谓的先决条件。是两个句子之间的一种关系。 术语：X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X) X预示Y (Y是X的先决条件)
解释：The speaker or the writer always assumes that the hearer or the reader already knows something of what he is going to say or to write.
This “something” often becomes the presupposition of the sentence. 说话者或者作者通常假定听者或读者已经对他们要写的东西有一定的了解。这个东西就成为一个句子预设的一部分。 23. Inconsistency
自测：\ A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with 术语：inconsistency 不一致
解释：不一致指的是句子之间的关系，句子前后表述不一致的一种关系。
术语：X is inconsistent with Y. X和Y是前后矛盾关系
解释：A is inconsistent with B. If A is true, B is false; If A is false, B is true. The relationship is called inconsistency or contradiction because the truth of one sentence contradicts the truth of the other.
若A为真，则B为假；若A为假，则B为真。这种关系叫做不一致或自相矛盾，因为两个句子之间的真值互相矛盾。 24. Synonymy
自测：the sense relation between “A lent a book to B” and “B borrowed a book from A” is__________.(北二外2003研) 术语：synonymy 同义关系
解释：同义关系是句子之间的一种关系。表示句子之间的关系是一致的。
术语：X is synonymous with Y. X和Y 是同义关系
解释：Two sentences may have the same meaning ,that is, in terms of true value, A has the same truth value with B: If A is true, B is true; also if A is false, B is false.两个句子拥有相同的意思，即在真值方面，A与B真值相同。若A为真，那B也为真；若A为假，B也为假。 25. Grammatical meaning
自测：The meaning that is conveyed by word order and other grammatical signals.（T/F）
术语：Grammatical meaning语法意义
解释：由单词或者其他语法符号顺序传达出的意义。
术语：The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 一个句子的语法意义指的是它的语法性，也就是它的语法的完美构成。
解释：Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships or functions, such as tense meaning, singular meaning, etc.. Words with the similar lexical meaning can have different grammatical meanings, and words with different lexical meanings can have the same grammatical meaning. 语法意义指的是意义的一部分，暗示着语法关系或功能，例如时态意义，单数意义等。有相同或者词汇含义的词语可以有不同的语法意义，有不同词汇含义的词语可以有相同的语法意义。
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