1.宝山区
(C)
According to Oxford Dictionaries, morality means: “Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.” Though morality is a rather subjective subject, there are some principles that are universal across all cultures found by an Oxford University study: “help your family, help your group, return favors, be brave, obey superiors, divide resources fairly, and respect others’ property”. The fact that these morals are found across 60 cultures from around the world demonstrates that morality, though subjective, is the cornerstone of keeping our societies together. Here are some reasons to be moral:without morality, a social life is almost impossible to maintain; having a good reputation and having a clear conscience is psychologically healthy; and most philosophies regard unselfish and principled behavior as important.
There is no doubt that without morals, a society cannot function effectively. A confused situation would appear. According to the Society of Morality, “We are social animals, and the actions we take — the things we do and the things we don’t do — have consequences on our environments and on the others around us. As a result, we need to be able to govern our behavior in the near term so as not to injure ourselves or our community in the long term. This system of controlling our actions and our thoughts in order to operate in a community is what we often refer to as morality”. Therefore, we need a set of morals in order to operate within a social circle and a social environment. Acting immoral usually results in being excluded from social activities or being avoided by a society based on laws and cultural standards.
Besides acting moral having a sociological need, it also has a psychological basis. Most people are concerned to some extent about their reputation. According to PsyPost, “A lot of economic models of human behavior assume that people are only rational (理性的) when they narrowly pursue their own self-interest, but history shows us that people are also tremendously concerned with being and appearing moral”. So, the fear of one’s reputation being damaged is often a strong motivator to be moral. And if someone has been immoral, most people go out of their way to make sure no one finds out, or to correct the behavior in order to not be caught. This goes in line with conscience as well. People generally feel in a better psychological state if they feel that their conscience is clean. A dirty conscience can result in a lack of sleep, anxiety, internal stress, and even illness.
On the side of philosophy, the study of ethics (伦理) comes into play. Most philosophers agree that one should rationally choose a set of standards of behavior in order to function. Though there is moral relativism, there are universal anthropological (人类学的) morals, as mentioned in the introduction. By the nature of our societies and cultures, we choose what we believe is right and wrong. But surprising, this rational behavior comes to a general agreement on morals. So, there is a fine line between moral relativism and moral absolutism. But the main thing to take away from this discussion is that philosophers generally believe that each individual has the right to rationally come up with a set of ethics to live by, and that it is healthy to do so.
63. The author discusses morality (Paragraph 1) in order to______.
A. explain the relationship between morality and culture B. describe the moral rules found all around the world C. contrast the distinction between right and wrong
D. introduce the definition, principles and reasons of morality 64. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
A. acting moral allows us to fit into groups better B. morality brings the system of controlling behaviors C. acting immoral weakens laws and cultural standards D. Our controlled behaviors establish sets of morals 65. Which of the following is the psychological basis for acting moral? A. Pursuit of self-interest. B. A clean conscience.
C. The concern about reputation. D. A dirty conscience. 66. What does the author advise us to do according to the last paragraph? A. To reach a general agreement on morals based on ethics. B. To carve one’s own sense of ethics to operate in this world. C. To choose between moral relativism and moral absolutism. D. To exclude philosophers’ beliefs and solutions as well.
答案：
63--66DACB
2.崇明区
(C)
A seismic (地震的；重大的) shift in climate science might be heating up.
New research shows that sound waves produced by earthquakes can be used to measure temperatures in the ocean which traps 90% of the heat Earth absorbs from the sun, making long-term changes in ocean warmth, a major factor in how the world might respond to global warming.
For years the main approach of measuring ocean temperature has been Argo, an array (阵列) of 4000 automatic floats, which drifts the globe, sampling ocean water and measuring its temperature. Yet Argo measurements stop at 2000 meters.
The new technique called “Seismic Ocean Thermometry” would be especially useful in detecting long-term changes in ocean temperatures deeper than Argo’s reach.
“Ocean Acoustic Tomography”, the basis for the current research, was first tested nearly 30 years ago. The initial studies created sound waves artificially, basically increasing the volume on giant underwater speakers. Scientists measured the sound’s travel time from the speakers to receivers thousands of kilometers away. Because ocean temperatures affect the speed of the waves, the researchers could calculate average temperatures along their paths. But some believed the noise was a threat to ocean life and the technique never took off.
The new study instead uses a natural sound source for investigation: earthquakes making a low, continuous noise beneath the seafloor off the coast of Sumatra that drum up sound waves in the ocean. On the shores of the Chagos Islands in the East Indian Ocean, between 2005 and 2016 Seismic Station Diego Garcia recorded seismic waves produced by those earthquakes. Some of those waves created physical changes in land and sea as they traveled. Others were sound waves or T waves that moved through the deep ocean, delivering valuable data about ocean temperature.
12 years of data coupled with mathematical models pointed to a temperature change of roughly 0.044 degrees per decade, a trend larger than those predicted by Argo. The findings suggest that Seismic Ocean Thermometry is a feasible method to measure changes in ocean temperature. Further data from other regions of the globe and other timeframes would help improve the warming models and predictions.
And in future studies the researchers plan to listen directly for sound waves, using a network of hydrophones, microphones which detect sound waves under water. Sound waves set the tone for a deep dive into our warming oceans even if they fail to reach 60000 miles under the sea. 63. What disadvantage does Argo have? A. Its reach is limited.
B. It takes long to collect samples. D. Its prediction isn’t reliable at all.
C. It doesn’t work globally.
64. It can be learned that Ocean Acoustic Tomography _____. A. was tested many times but never succeeded B. remained unpopular for fear of potential harm C. was assumed to be too complicated to be controllable D. measured ocean temperature just as the new research does 65. It can be inferred from the new findings that _____. A. some warming is working its way deeper into the ocean B. ocean temperature is rising faster owing to earthquakes C. sound travels faster in colder water than in hotter water D. sound waves will slow down the warming of the ocean 66. Which is the best title for the passage?
A. Sound Waves First Applied to Climate Science
B. New Factors Found to Be Heating up the Ocean
C. A Natural Approach Holding Back Global Warming D. Ocean’s Hidden Heat Measured with Earthquake Sounds
答案：
63-66 ABAD
3.奉贤区
(C)
The urgency and importance of Covid-19 over the past year have driven almost everything else from most leaders’ minds. But since the vaccine is kicking in, Britain’s government is once again beginning to think about the things that will matter later. Next week, it is expected to publish a “plan for growth” to boost productivity, with innovation at its centre.
The world may be on the point of a technological boom with life sciences, at which Britain excels. Innovation is crucial to productivity, but on this front Britain’s performance has lagged behind its competitors’ in recent years. Its low spending on Research and Development (R&D) argues for a boost. Those who attributed the financial failure in the 1970s to the insufficiency of research funds may regard this as a threat to economic growth. Promoting innovation can quickly turn into an exercise in picking winners — or, as is more often the case, losers.
A second danger is that policy agendas get mixed up. The government has promised to “level up” poorer areas of the country, so deprived towns are campaigning for more money for their universities. But trying to boost innovation by sending money to weak institutions is likely to make our leading universities lose their advantages, thus producing average ideas that could have been remarkable. Britain’s research-funding system has always been elitist (精英主义的). It should stay that way.
The government’s first move in boosting innovation was the announcement of a plan for an Advanced Research and Invention Agency (ARIA). ARIA’s purpose is to fund high-risk, high-reward research. But money is not all that matters. The successful translation of life science research into treatments during the pandemic suggests some inexpensive measures that can also make a difference.
One is to speed up governmental processes. The rapidity with which Britain’s medical regulator moved during the pandemic is one reason why the vaccine rollout is racing through the population. Urgency is not unique to pandemics. Getting things done quickly can make an investment worthwhile and determine where a businessman chooses as a base.
Another useful measure the government should use is its unique ability to overcome barriers. At the beginning of the pandemic, Covid-19 researchers were unable to gain access to different strands of health service data. The government eased restrictions on existing data and allowed researchers to ask people who had tested positive for Covid--19 to join trials. Both were crucial to the effort.
A last principle is the value of connections between the government and the private sector. Kate Bingham, a venture capitalist who led the vaccine-purchase effort, understood how to deal with drug companies. Many of the civil servants working with her had commercial experience. The government's closeness to business during the pandemic has been criticized. But without it, the vaccine effort would not have succeeded.
Innovation took human beings from caves to computers. Good education, a welcoming immigration policy and a friendly business environment will do most to tend it. But a few sensible principles can help keep the ?ame burning. 63. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Investing insufficient money in innovation. B. Promoting innovation in technology.
C. Applying science results to practical uses. D. Distributing funds to weak institutions.
64. What’s the possible consequence of the British government’s attempt to “level up” poorer areas?
A. Britain’s research-funding system will remain elitist.
B. Weak institutions are more likely to produce remarkable results.
C. The outstanding universities will be unable to exhibit remarkable ideas. D. Both poor and rich areas in the country will develop in a balanced way. 65. What can be inferred from the three principles put forward by the writer?
A. A businessman is more willing to set up business where governments show high efficiency. B. The administrative abilities are so unique to the government that they actually yield little fruit. C. The government ceased the cooperation with private sectors for the criticism they had received. D. The rollout of the vaccine was made possible mainly because the public responded quickly. 66. What’s the best title of the passage?
A. How Governments Fuel the Sparks of Innovation B. Why the Brits Struggle in the Tech Race C. How Governments Benefit from Innovation D. What People Gain with the Light of Technology
答案： 63-66. ACAA
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