（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如： He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6） 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如when, before, after, as soon as, till/until引导的 例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn?t go to bed until she had finished he work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。
例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
例如： Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。
Unit 8 Leisure, Work and Animals
现在完成时与现在完成进行时有时区别较大，有时区别不大。
1）现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作结束后对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如： We are tired. We have been cleaning the classroom．（a）
We have cleaned the classroom．（b）
（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们都很累。
（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。 2）在与表示一段时间的状语连用时，两个时态可以互换使用，但口语中倾向于用现在完成进行时。例如：
My mother has been teaching English for twenty years．（a） My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）
3）在没有表示一段时间的状语情况下，两个时态的区别在于：现在完成时表示动作已完成；而现在完成进行时表示动作还在进行。例如： They have been widening the road．（a） They have widened the road．（b）
a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。 4) 有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如： Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978．（a） Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979．（b）
My mother has been teaching English for twenty years．（a） My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）
Unit 9 The Olympic Games
动名词的用法
动词-ing的形式为动名词。它同时具有动词特征和名词特征，在逻辑上表达的是一个动作（或状态），在语法上体现的是名词特征。它可以在句中作主语、宾语等。例如：
Spending all your money in the first week is not a sensible strategy.（作句子的主语） I enjoy working with other people.（作句子的宾语）
After winning the bid, Beijing began major construction projects.（作介词的宾语） 动名词和动名词短语在句中的作用：
1）作主语：
e.g. Walking helps the circulation of blood throughout the body.
步行有助于全身的血液循环。
Breathing became difficult on the top of the mountain.在山顶上呼吸变得困难了。 Promoting the sales of this product was difficult.推销这种产品很困难。 如果动名词短语作主语，通常以形式主语it放在句首，将真正的主语后置。 It was difficult promoting the sales of this product. It is no use waiting here.在这儿等没用。
2）作表语：
e.g. Your job is taking care of patients.你的工作是照看病人。
The first step to tackle SARS is finding out the SARS virus. 对付“非典”的第一步是找到“非典”病毒。
3）作宾语：动名词作宾语与句中的谓语动词有着关系，有些谓语动词后面可以用动名词作宾语。如：finish, avoid, enjoy, stop, etc.
e.g. I enjoy taking a long walk every evening.我喜欢每晚作长时间的散步。
I haven?t finished reading that book yet.雨一停我们就可以动身。 4）作介词宾语：
e.g. Aspirin is effective in relieving some pains.阿斯匹林对治疗一些疼痛有效。
At least 20% of alcohol is absorbed directly from the stomach into the bloodstream without going through any digestive processes.
至少有20%的酒精无须经过任何消化过程从胃直接进入血液。
Unit 10 Health and Leisure
虚拟条件句
虚拟条件句表示与事实相反的愿望、假想等。
1）当表示与现在或将来情况相反的假设时，句子结构为：If + 从句主语+动词过去式，主句主语 + would (?d) + 动词原形。例如：
If I had the time, I?d make something better. 如果有时间的话，我会做些更好吃的东西。 If I didn?t drink so much, I?d be a lot thinner. 如果我没喝那么多酒的话，我会瘦很多。 在虚拟条件句的if从句中，不论从句主语是什么人称，be动词都常用were。例如： If my grandmother were alive, I?d ask her. 我祖母如果还活着，我会问她的。 If I were a man, I?d have to do military service. 如果我是男人，我就得服兵役。
2）当表示与过去事实相反的假设时，句子结构为：If + 从句主语+动词的过去完成式，主句主语 + would (could) + 动词的现在完成式。例如： If they had given up searching, I would have died. 如果当时他们放弃了搜寻，那么我就没命了。
If I hadn?t had my mobile phone, the shot would have killed me. 如果当时我没带手机的 话，那颗子弹就会要了我的命。
上述两句话实际表达的意思是：
They didn?t given up searching, therefore I did not die. I had my mobile phone, therefore the shot did not kill me.
与其他条件句一样，如果主从句颠倒位置，中间不需要用逗号隔开。 The shot would have killed me if I hadn?t had my mobile phone.
Unit 11 Health Care, and Travel and Health
现在进行时表示将来的用法 现在进行时表将来的动作，谓语通常为瞬间动词。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。
1. 用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的，按计划或安排要发生的动作。
2. 现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于：前者通常用瞬间动词（有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如：do）如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持续性动词。
He is reading a novel. 他在看小说。
The train is arriving soon. 火车就要进站了。
3 . 用现在进行时表示将来的时间，在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。
4. 现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于：前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的，而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情，因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。
What are you doing next Friday? 下星期五你们打算干什么？
The plane takes off at 7︰30 tonight.飞机今晚七点半起飞。 用现在进行时表示将来
当句子涉及确切的计划、明确的意图和为将来安排好的活动时, 现在进行时可用于表示将来。
1) come, go, stay, arrive, leave 等词的现在进行时经常用于表示将来确切的计划。
2) 表示交通方式、行程安排的动词，例如 fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a bus, a taxi)等的现在进行时也经常用于表示将来。
注意: 英语中一些表 “状态和感官”的动词通常不用于进行时： 用法和单词 例句
表存在或位置: be, lie, stand Japan lies to the east of China.
表所属: have, own, possess, belong to, fit, suit Taiwan belongs to China. Who owns this land?
表知觉: see, hear, smell, taste, sound, look, feel, seem, appear I smell the dinner cooking. He seems quite happy. 表认识、信仰、意见、怀疑、猜测、希望: know, think, understand, doubt, suppose, hope, wish He doubts whether you will find your lost pen again.
表喜欢、反对、仇恨、厌恶: love, like, prefer, mind, hate, want, dislike, envy We love our motherland deeply.
They envy her good fortune.
直接引语和间接引语
引述某人的话一般采用两种方式：一是不做任何改动地引用原话，将其放在引号内，这叫做直接引语(Direct Speech)；一是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话语不放在引号内，这叫做间接引语(Indirect Speech)。
例如：Tim said, “I am waiting upstairs.”
Tim said (that) he was waiting upstairs.
可以引述间接引语的动词一般都是表示说话的动词，叫做引述动词，如：say，tell，ask，report等。
例如：John said that Mary enjoyed playing table tennis.
Tom told the police officer that the window was smashed. She said that she would take some photographs.
直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中动词的时态、形式、人称代词、时间状语和地点状语往往要有相应的变化。
例如：Jim said, “I like swimming.” Jim said that he liked swimming.
“Larry Hipkin has burgled Tim?s flat,” said the police officer.
The police officer said Larry Hipkin had burgled Tim?s flat.
间接引语中的人称代词需要做相应的变化。 例如：We need evidence.
She said they needed evidence. It will give us good evidence. She said it would give them good evidence. 如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，需将原来直接疑问句中的倒装语序改为陈述句语序，而特殊疑问词不变。
例如：Susan asked, “How do you like the play?”
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