2019届二轮复习独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带 有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构 （Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它 还是一种从属的结构。
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词
或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓 关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man 和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk 拥有 了自己的逻辑主语 he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是 the key，lost 也可以用完成式 having been lost） = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 1．动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓 关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exercise-books to check,I really can't afford any time. 对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 （＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.）
The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.） Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。 (=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B．-ing 形式“独立主格结构” 动词的-ing 形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.） Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a
magazine. 在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.） 1．表示时间的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句 When everyone was ready) The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句 after everyone was seated）
2．表示原因的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构” The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那个男 孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句 Because the boy led the way）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿 紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句 As many eyes were watching him）
必背： 含有 being 的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是国庆节,街上 很拥挤。 = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded. There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.没有别的事可讨 论，我们都回家了。 = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home. 3．表示条件的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构” Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句 If time permits) My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句 If my health allows） 4．表示方式的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构” The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分 句 and each wears a card in front of his chest） The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句 and his eyes were looking at the sky）
C．-ed 形式“独立主格结构” 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing 形式一样，如果-ed 形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不 一致的话，就需要用-ed 形式的独立主格结构。 The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. 该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。 = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，
眼睛紧盯着黑板。 = He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
The task completed,he had two months' leave. 任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.） 比较： 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed 形式表示动作已经结束， 动词-ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.经理看上去很着急,有这么 多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式 to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理 看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed 形式 settled 表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。 （两个动作同时进行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作 有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）
一、 动词独立主格结构 “逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing 形式” 的一种形式。在这种结构中，being 往往可以被省去，这种省去 being 的结构， 称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。 A．逻辑主语+名词 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest 和 a boy of 12之间省去了 being） 注意： 独立主格结构中的 being 在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being +名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。 B．逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes 和 sleepy 之间省去了 being） = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth 和 wide open 之间省去了 being） = He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
C．逻辑主语+副词 School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（school 和 over 之间省去了 being） = School was over, and we all went home. He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes 和 off 之间省去了 being） = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off. D．逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微
笑走了进来。 = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face. The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。 = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.
提示： 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不 用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。 The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand. 音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）
with/without 引导的独立主格结构 介词 with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的 独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A．with+名词代词+形容词 He doesn’t 誸 like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesn’t 誸 like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. 注意： 在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的 -ing 形式或-ed 形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn 誸 want to study. 父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。 B．with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。 = Our school looks even more beautiful if/when all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。 = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. C．with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. 文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed 形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。 = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished. 工作还没完成，我不敢回家。 = I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.
E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing 形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。 = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。 = The girl hid her box and no one knew where
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