membercountriesnoworsethantheytreattheimportsoftheir\favored\tradingpartner.Inessence,MFNrequiresWTOmembercountriestotreatimportscomingfromallotherWTOmembercountriesequally,thatis,byimposingequaltariffsonthem,etc.GSPexemptsWTOmembercountriesfromMFNforthepurposeofloweringtariffsfortheleastdevelopedcountries,withoutalsoloweringtariffsforrichcountries
3北美自由贸易协定
NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement（NAFTA)
TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)isanagreementsignedbyCanada,Mexico,andtheUnitedStates,creatingatrilateralrules-basedtradeblocinNorthAmerica.TheagreementcameintoforceonJanuary1,1994.ItsupersededtheCanada–UnitedStatesFreeTradeAgreementbetweentheU.S.andCanada.NAFTAhastwosupplements:theNorthAmericanAgreementonEnvironmentalCooperation(NAAEC)andtheNorthAmericanAgreementonLaborCooperation(NAALC).IntermsofcombinedpurchasingpowerparityGDPofitsmembers,asof2013thetradeblocisthelargestintheworldaswellasbynominalGDPcomparison.
4口碑
wordofmouth，publicpraise
Wordofmouthisthepassingofinformationfrompersontopersonbyoralcommunication,whichcouldbeassimpleastellingsomeonethetimeofday.Storytellingisacommonformofword-of-mouthcommunicationwhereonepersontellsothersastoryaboutarealeventorsomethingmadeup.Oraltraditionisculturalmaterialandtraditionstransmittedbywordofmouththroughsuccessivegenerations.Storytellingandoraltraditionareformsofwordofmouththatplayimportantrolesinfolkloreandmythology.Anotherexampleoforalcommunicationisoralhistory—therecording,preservationandinterpretationofhistoricalinformation,
basedonthepersonalexperiencesandopinionsofthespeaker.Oralhistorypreservationisthefieldthatdealswiththecareandupkeepoforalhistorymaterialscollectedbywordofmouth,whateverformattheymaybein.
5汇票billofexchange
Abillofexchangeor\isawrittenorderbythedrawertothedraweetopaymoneytothepayee.Acommontypeofbillofexchangeisthecheque(checkinAmericanEnglish),definedasabillofexchangedrawnonabankerandpayableondemand.Billsofexchangeareusedprimarilyininternationaltrade,andarewrittenordersbyonepersontohisbanktopaythebeareraspecificsumonaspecificdate.Priortotheadventofpapercurrency,billsofexchangewereacommonmeansofexchange.Theyarenotusedasoftentoday.
6倾销dumping
Ineconomics,\isakindofpredatorypricing,especiallyinthecontextofinternationaltrade.Itoccurswhenmanufacturersexportaproducttoanothercountryatapriceeitherbelowthepricechargedinitshomemarketorbelowitscostofproduction.
7利基营销nichemarketing
Nichemarketingismarketingaproductorserviceinasmallportionofamarketthatisnotbeingreadilyservedbythemainstreamproductorserviceproviders.Nearlyeverythingwetakeforgranted–fromthefastfoodchains,conveniencestores,evenWal-Mart–beganasabusinesstofillperceivedvoidsinthemarketplace.These“niches”canbegeographicareas,aspecialtyindustry,ademographicor
ethnicgroup,aspecificgendergroup,orotherspecialgroupofpeople.
8特许经营Franchising
Franchisingisthepracticeoftherighttouseafirm'ssuccessfulbusinessmodelandbrandforaprescribedperiodoftime.Theword\isofAnglo-Frenchderivation—fromfranc,meaningfree—andisusedbothasanounandasa(transitive)verb.Forthefranchiser,thefranchiseisanalternativetobuilding\stores\todistributegoodsthatavoidstheinvestmentsandliabilityofachain.Thefranchisor'ssuccessdependsonthesuccessofthefranchisees.Thefranchiseeissaidtohaveagreaterincentivethanadirectemployeebecauseheorshehasadirectstakeinthebusiness.Essentially,andintermsofdistribution,thefranchisorisasupplierwhoallowsanoperator,orafranchisee,tousethesupplier'strademarkanddistributethesupplier'sgoods.Inreturn,theoperatorpaysthesupplierafee.Thirtythreecountries—includingtheUnitedStatesandAustralia—havelawsthatexplicitlyregulatefranchising,withthemajorityofallothercountrieshavinglawswhichhaveadirectorindirectimpactonfranchising.
9市场细分marketsegmentation
Marketsegmentationisamarketingstrategythatinvolvesdividingabroadtargetmarketintosubsetsofconsumers,businesses,orcountrieswhohavecommonneedsandpriorities,andthendesigningandimplementingstrategiestotargetthem.Marketsegmentationstrategiesmaybeusedtoidentifythetargetcustomers,andprovidesupportingdataforpositioningtoachieveamarketingplanobjective.Businessesmaydevelopproductdifferentiationstrategies,oranundifferentiatedapproach,involvingspecificproductsorproductlinesdependingonthespecificdemandandattributesofthetargetsegment.
10对等贸易countertrade
Countertrademeansexchanginggoodsorserviceswhicharepaidfor,inwholeorpart,withothergoodsorservices,ratherthanwithmoney.Amonetaryvaluationcanhoweverbeusedincountertradeforaccountingpurposes.Indealingsbetweensovereignstates,thetermbilateraltradeisused.OR\transactioninvolvingexchangeofgoodsorserviceforsomethingofequalvalue.\
二十一、答谢词和祝酒词
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