第二节 方法运用于命题
七选五的常考命题
1．主旨概括型
该题型可分为两类：标题句和主题句。标题句短小精悍，多为名词性短语或祈使句，用以总结文章或某个段落的主旨；主题句用以交代整篇文章或某段的中心思想。主旨概括句一般设在段首，考查考生的主旨概括能力。一般而言，短文首段给出中心句，其他各段有一个段落中心，均为中心句服务，形成总分关系。段落第一句为本段主题句，其他句为细节支撑句，各句通过意义或逻辑联系起来，形成完整的段落。注意篇章布局，理清文章脉络是解答此类试题的关键。主题句具有一定的概括性，不涉及具体内容。错误选项常常以偏概全，或与全文中心相悖。 2．上下过渡句
用来显示前后逻辑关系的句子称为过渡句，起承上启下的作用，显示上下文的逻辑关系，使得行文流畅，衔接自然。主要有三种方式实现过渡：一是核心词汇的重复；二是使用指示代词this/that/these/those/such等；三是使用过渡词语next，in addition，however，but等。此类题目需要瞻前顾后，上下求索。错误的选项使衔接不自然，行文不连贯。 3．细节支撑句
用来支撑主题的句子称为细节支撑句，细节支撑句通过本身的逻辑或意义连接成一个完整的段落。和主题句相比较，细节支撑句更具体，往往是事实、分析、举例、引用等的一部分。解答此类题目应该利用前后句代词的指代关系、逻辑关系以及时间先后关系等寻找突破口，找到关联点。
(2017·全国Ⅱ)
Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done.
36 ，there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.
37 .Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.
When people try to interrupt you，have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions.
When you need to talk to someone，don’t do it in your own office. 39 ，it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone
out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.
If you have a door to your office，make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter，excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示) that when the door is closed，you’re not to be disturbed.
A．If you’re busy，don’t feel bad about saying no B．When you want to avoid interruptions at work C．Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes D．If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area E．It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available F．It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you
G．Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要就如何在工作中避免受到打扰提出了几点建议。 36．答案 B
解析 上下过渡句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。空格后说“有几种方法来处理这些情况”，B项“当你想在工作中避免受到打扰时”与上下文衔接紧密，故为答案。 37．答案 A
解析 主旨概括型。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤等法解答该题。设空处位于段首，根据后文提到的“告诉对方你很抱歉、向对方解释你有很多事情要做以及另约时间”可知，本段讲述的是：在自己很忙的时候不要不好意思拒绝，故选A项。 38．答案 E
解析 上下过渡句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。空格前说“当人们试图打扰你时，你要确定好时间，让他们知道什么时候回来找你或者你去找他们”，空格后说“这样做能帮你消除未来受到打扰的可能”，E项“让他们知道你什么时候有空非常重要”与上下文衔接紧密，故为答案。 39．答案 D
解析 上下过渡句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。空格前的in your own office与D项中的in the other person’s office相对应。D项“如果你在别人的办公室或者公共区域”与空格后的内容衔接紧密，故为答案。 40．答案 G
解析 细节支撑句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。根据空格前的“如果你的办公室有门，那么就好好利用它”可知，本段主要讲述如何利用办公室的门来避免受
到打扰，故选G项。
(2017·全国Ⅲ)
Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame on the alarm clock.In fact，the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resetting your body clock. 36 Here’s how to make one.
· 37 In order to make a change，you need to decide why it’s important.Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family，get in some exercise，or just be better prepared for your day？Once you are clear about your reasons，tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.
·Rethink mornings.Now that you know why you want to wake up，consider re-arranging your morning activities.If you want time to have breakfast with your family，save some time the night before by setting out clothes，shoes，and bags. 38 That’s a quarter-hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.
·Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends.If you’re tired out by Friday night，sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful.But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week，a recent study found. 39
·Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you’ve tried a new method for a week，take a look at your record. 40 If not，take another look at other methods you could try. A．Get a sleep specialist. B．Find the right motivation. C．A better plan for sleep can help. D．And consider setting a second alarm.
E．If the steps you take are working，keep it up.
F．Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time，no matter the day. G．Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee. 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。很多人觉得早上起床很困难并将其归咎于闹钟。其实，要想早上轻松起床，关键是要调整自己身体的生物钟。具体如何做呢？作者给出了一些锦囊妙计！ 36．答案 C
解析 上下过渡句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。空前提到要调整身体的生物钟，那么如何调整呢？空后的“Here’s how to make one.”中one又指什么呢？浏览各选项，只有C项“一个更好的睡眠计划会有所帮助”符合上下文语境。 37．答案 B
解析 主旨概括型。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤等法解答该题。显然，该空应填本段的主题句。由本段中的“为了作出改变，你需要决定为什么它很重要”及“一旦你清楚了自己的理由……”等描述可知，你要想清楚为什么要早起，故选B项“找到合适的动机”。 38．答案 G
解析 上下过渡句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。由空后的bought a coffee maker可锁定G项“重新考虑你用在咖啡馆排队买咖啡的15分钟”。 39．答案 F
解析 上下过渡句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。由本段首句可知本段主题是“在周末要坚持(执行)你的睡觉和起床时间表”，与此主题符合的只有F项“坚持你设定的就寝和起床时间，不管是哪天”。 40．答案 E
解析 上下过渡句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。本段讲的是每周要记录并评价你的计划，如果有效，就继续坚持，如果无效，就看看其他你可以尝试的方法。由空后的If not也可直接锁定E项。
跟踪训练
1
(2017·山东临沂三模)
Being Left-handed in a Right-handed World
The world is designed for right-handed people，but why does a tenth of the population prefer the left？ 1
The answer to it remains a bit of a mystery.Since scientists have noticed that left-handedness tends to run in families，it’s assumed that left-handedness has a genetic(基因的) component to it.
2 In fact，identical twins，who share the same genes，can sometimes prefer to use different hands.There are also plenty of theories on what else might determine which hand you write with，but many experts believe that it’s kind of random.
Historically，the left side and left-handedness have been considered a negative thing by many cultures. 3 In some areas，the left hand became known as the “unclean” hand.In many religions，the right hand of God is the favored hand.For example，Jesus sits at God’s right side.God’s left hand，however，is the hand of
judgement.Various activities and experiences become rude or even signs of bad luck when the left hand becomes involved.In some parts of Scotland，it is considered bad luck to meet a left-handed person at the start of a journey. 4 A person giving directions will put their left hand behind them and even physically try to point with their right hand if necessary.In some Asian countries，eating with the left hand is considered impolite.
5 People come to realize that left-handedness is natural.People even noticed that many famous people are left-handed，including Benjamin Franklin，Leonardo Da Vinci，and Charlie Chaplin.Some researchers find out that lefties are more creative and can deal with abstract thinking better.The left-handedness is more easily adaptable to the right-handed world as well.Being left-handed is no longer a sad story now; instead，it is a wonderful gift or maybe it is something you should take pride in.
A．In other words，left-handers are born that way. B．Left-handedness used to be regarded as a disability.
C．The unfavorable associations of the use of the left hand among cultures are varied. D．Why do they prefer to use their left hand rather than their right hand for routine activities?
E．Why do some parents force their left-handed children to become right-handed when writing?
F．In Ghana，pointing，gesturing，giving or receiving items with the left hand is considered rude.
G．Fortunately，nowadays most societies and cultures no longer reject left-handedness like before.
语篇解读 文章介绍了左撇子的成因以及在历史上不同文化的人们对这种情况的看法。随着时代的变化，人们现在对左撇子的看法已发生了改变。 1．答案 D
解析 上下过渡句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。根据上文的问句以及后文的内容可知，此处是以问句引出下文。选D项。 2．答案 A
解析 上下过渡句。运用语意判断、黄金三步骤、代入复读等法解答该题。上句提到左撇子的形成有基因的原因，故此处用A项进行同义解释。 3．答案 C
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