Book 4_U1_语法专讲及练习

直接引语和间接引语

一. 定义 交际中我们常常需要引述别人说的话，一种是一字不差地直接引用别人的话，放在引号内，称为直接引语（The Direct Speech）, 另一种是间接地引述别人的话，称为间接引语(The Indirect Speech)。例如：

He said, “I will choose a book from my students.” 他说：“我将为学生选一本书。” = He said that he would choose a book from his student. 他说他将为学生选一本书。

二. 直接引语与间接引语的转化 1. 标点符号的变化：

He said to me, “Don?t live in London!” = He told me not to live in London.

2. 语序的变化： 疑问语序变为陈述语序。 He said to me, “Do you live in London?” = He asked me if/whether I lived in London.

3. 动词的变化： say (to) 在陈述句中多变为tell等词，在疑问句中多变为ask等词，在祈使句中表示命令多变为tell, order等词，表请求时多变为ask等词。 He said to me, “Could you please live in London?” = He asked me if/whether I could live in London. = He asked me to live in London.

4. 句型的变化：

①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。 如：She said, \

→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. ②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。

如：He said, \

→He asked John if he could swim.

\ mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework. \

→He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.

③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。

如：She asked me, \

→ She asked me when they had their dinner.

④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为\等) sb.(not) to do sth.\句型。 如：\

→She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.

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\ →She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.

⑤直接引语如果是以“Let?s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。” 如：He said, \

→He suggested going to the film. 或 He suggested that they should go to see the film.

5. 时态的变化： 1. 如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态，间接引语中的动词时态保持不变。 2. 如果主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，间接引语中的动词时态作如下变化： 一般现在时---一般过去时 一般将来时---过去将来时 现在完成时---过去完成时 现在进行时---过去进行时 一般过去时---过去完成时 3. 但是过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时保持不变。 ? He says, “I live in London.” = He says that he lives in London. ? He says, “I have lived in London for years.” = He says that he has lived in London for years. ? He said, “I live in London.” = He said that he lived in London. ? He said, “I am living in London now.” = He said that he was living in London then. ? He said, “I will live in London next year.” = He said that he would live in London the next year. ? He said, “I lived in London for years.” = He said that he had lived in London for years. ? He said, “When I saw her, she was living in London.” = He said that when he saw her she was living in London. ? He said, “When I got to London, she had lived there for years.” = He said that when he got to London, she had lived there for years. ? He said, “I was born in 1956.” = He said that he was born in 1956. ? He said, “The earth turns around the sun.” = He said that the earth turns around the sun. ? She said that the bus leaves at 5:40. (公交车尚未开走) ? He told me that he works as a teacher. （现在仍是教师） He said, “I would like to live in London.” = He said that he would like to live in London. He said, “I used to live in London.” = He said that he used to live in London. 时态变化

4. 表示过去具体年份的状语不变。 5. 表示真理，格言，谚语等不受时间限制的句子不变。 6. 强调所谈情况仍然存在时不变。 7. could, would, should, ? needn?t, had better, ought to, used to等情态动词不? 变。 第 2 页 共 6 页

6. 人称代词的变化： 1. 一主（根据引号外的主语变换引号内的人称代词） 2. 二宾（根据引号外的宾语变换引号内的人称代词） 3. 三不变（第三人称不变） ? Tom said to Kate, “I have finished my homework.” = Tom and Kate that he had already finished his homework. ? Tom said to Kate, “You speak English better than me.” = Tom told Kate that she spoke English better than him. ? Tom asked Mike, “Does she often come to school late?” = Tom asked Mike if/whether she often went to school late. 人称代词变化

7. 指示代词，地点副词，动词, 时间状语的变化 词，动词变化指示代词，地点副 ? He said to me, “I?ve known you since you came to this place.” = He told me that he had known me since I went 2. 地点副词的变化： to that place. here—there now—then ? He said to me, “Will you come here today or 3. 动词的变化： tomorrow?” come—go bring—take = He asked me if I would go there that day or the 4. 时间状语的变化： next day. today—that day ? He said to me, “Did you come yesterday, a few tonight—that night days ago or last Sunday?” yesterday—the day before =He asked me if I had gone the day before, a few yesterday morning—the morning days before or the Sunday before. before ? She said, “I?ll bring you this book next month.” last week—the week before =She said that he would go there again that night. next week—the next week ? She said, “He will come here again tonight.” tomorrow—the next day = She said that he would go there again that tomorrow morning—the next night. morning ? He asked me, “Did you leave London yesterday 3 days ago—3 days before morning or the day before yesterday?” the day after tomorrow—in 2 = He asked me if I had left London the morning day?s time before or two days before. 1. 指示代词的变化： this—that these—those

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练习

一. 单项选择

1. He asked ____ for the violin. A. Did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 2. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _____.

A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 3. Can you tell me ____?

A. how good is his spoken English B. how well his spoken English is C. how well he speaks English D. how good he can speak English 4. He said that he had bought the jacket____.

A. before three days B. three days before C. three days ago D. last week 5. Did you say_____?

A. that what he said was true B. that it was true that he said C. what did he say was true D. what he said it was true 6. Please tell me ____ from.

A. where do you come B. where you come C. where you will come D. there you come 7. Ask her ____ come with us.

A. if she will B. if or not she will C. that if she will D. whether will she 8. The driver said that he ____ pick ____ a passenger at West Street.

A. will, up B. would, up C. will, out D. would, out 9. He said he ___ in 1993.

A. has born B. had been born C. had born D. was born 10. John ___ me he was going to help me with my English.

A. explained B. spoke C. told D. said 11. He asked me _______ I would go to Beijing by air the next day. A. that of B. if C. that whether D. how 12. Mother asked the youngest kid ________ with his toy car. A. what the matter was B. what was the matter C. what the matter is D. what is the matter 13. He asked, “How are you getting along? →He asked ___________. A. how am I getting along B. how are you getting along C. how I was getting along D. how was I getting along

14. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. → He asked me _______ the film.

A. had I seen B. have I seen C. if I have seen D. whether I had seen 15. “Please close the windows,” he said to me. → He ______ me _______ the window. A. said to; to close B. told to; close C. asked; to close D. said to; please close 16. “I am a teacher,” Jack said. → He said ________. A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher

17. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” → He _______ very naughty.

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