C.ripen D.shine
答案 D [依据文章的主要内容可知，作者“愿你拥有一颗坚强之心，愿你所爱之人，不光在照片中，还在你的生活中永存生辉。”A项是“传播”之意；B项是“授予，允许”；C项是“成熟”；D项为“闪耀”，适合语境。]
A
(2016·上海高考)In the 1960s，Douglas McGregor，one of the key thinkers in the art of management，developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y.Theory X is the idea that people instinctively __1__ work and will do anything to avoid it.Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case，despite so much evidence to the __2__，many managers still agree to Theory X.They believe，__3__，that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively，or that decisions must be imposed from __4__ without consultation.This，of course，makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of __5__ people.Unlike authoritarian management，some cultures，particularly in Asia，are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to __6__ to this process.This is management by the collective opinion.Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things，which are based on general __7__.Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional __8__ managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative，to make decisions on their own without __9__ managers first.This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing：__10__ the number of management layers in companies.After de-layering in this way，a company may be __11__ with just a top level of senior managers，front-line managers and
employees with direct contact with the public.Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has __12__ been the case.Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to __13__ that the overall business plan is being followed，and that operations become more profitable under the new organization，rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or __14__ management，where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses.Project managers evaluate the __15__ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects，rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 【语篇解读】 本文是说明文，介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。 1.A.desire C.lose
B.seek D.dislike
答案 D [根据后半句“...will do anything to avoid it”可知人们本能上不喜欢工作，他们为逃避工作可以做任何事情。故D项正确。] 2.A.contrary C.degree
B.expectation D.extreme
答案 A [to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme走向极端。此处是说，无论如何，尽管很多证据与这个理论相反，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A项正确。] 3.A.vice versa C.however
B.for example D.otherwise
答案 B [由后面的例子他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给予他们不断的监督可知，此处是举例说明。故B项正确。] 4.A.outside C.below
B.inside D.above
答案 D [根据后句可知，此处是说，他们的决定是自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。] 5.A.replacing C.managing
B.assessing D.encouraging
答案 C [根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，此处是说，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C项正确。] 6.A.refer C.object
B.contribute D.apply
答案 B [refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献，导致；object to反对；apply to适用于。此处是说，亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。] 7.A.agreement C.election
B.practice D.impression
答案 A [agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。此处是说，亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同协商的基础上的，西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。] 8.A.bossy C.western
B.experienced D.male
答案 D [根据前半句“...women will become more effective managers than men...”可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效，因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D项正确。] 9.A.asking C.warning
B.training D.firing
答案 A [根据前句“...encourage employees to use their own initiative...”(鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神)，也就是说在作出决定的时候不用先请示上级经理。故A项正确。] 10.A.doubling C.reducing
B.maintaining D.estimating
答案 C [根据“the trend towards downsizing”(缩小规模的趋势)可知，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接作出决定而不需要请示上级，故动词reduce“减少”符合语境。] 11.A.honored C.crowded
B.left D.compared
答案 B [be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与……相比。通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和与公众直接联系的一线管理人，省略了很多中间环节，提高了管理的成效。故B项正确。] 12.A.economically C.inadequately
B.traditionally D.occasionally
答案 B [economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地。根据后句Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B项正确。] 13.A.deny C.assume
B.admit D.ensure
答案 D [deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。] 14.A.virtual C.day-to-day
B.ineffective D.on-the-scene
答案 A [virtual虚拟的；ineffective无效果的，低效率的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的。根据后句where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知，在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行管理的方法。故A项正确。] 15.A.opinion C.performance
B.risk
D.attractiveness
答案 C [opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力。根据后半句“in terms of what they produce for projects，rather than the amount of time they spend on them”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品，而不是他们的工作时间。故C项正确。]
B
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