2013年高考第二轮复习英语湖南版 专题整合突破
四、介词和介词短语
真题试做
1.(2012·北京高考)Do you think this shirt is too tight ______ the shoulders? A.at B.on C.to D.across
2.(2012·上海高考)______ passion,people won't have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking.
A.For B.Without C.Beneath D.By
3.(2012·辽宁高考)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place ______ the main road at the far end of the lake.
A.to B.for C.off D.out
4.(2012·安徽高考)You can change your job,you can move house,but friendship is meant to be ______ life.
A.of B.on C.to D.for
5.(2012·浙江高考)______ all the animals I've ever had,these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word.
A.From B.Of C.For D.With 6.(2012·江苏高考)—Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back,just ______ to avoid the racing car.
A.in time B.in case C.in need D.in vain 考向分析
1.考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出,介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词,如at,in,for,from,to,of,on,with,until,about,by,since,as,around等。
2.考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语言环境中,辨析意义相同或相近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。
3.考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词,不同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。
热点例析
考点一:表示时间的介词 1.in,on,at,over
(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:
in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in one's thirties等。 (2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:
on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January,on a fine morning等。 (3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如: at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment等。 (4)over后面接一段时间,表示“超过……”或“在……期间”。 如:
David Crum,the CEO of Geldart Software,announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.
(5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前一律不用介词。如: He went to Japan last year. We meet every day.
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2.in,after
(1)“in+一段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如: My mother will come back in three or four days. (2)“after+一段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如: He arrived after five months.
(3)“after+具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如: She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon. The rain began to fall after seven. 3.from,since,for
(1)from后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如: I hope to do morning exercises from today.
(2)since后接具体过去时间,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。如:
We have not seen each other since 2010. (3)for后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。如: I have been working here for ten years.
【典例分析】 He invited me to a dance after the show ______ Christmas Eve. A.at B.on C.in D.by 答案为B项。具体的日期前介词应用on。
They had a pleasant chat ______ a cup of coffee. A.for B.with C.during D.over 答案为D项。for和during都有“在……期间”之意,但后面通常接时间;with意为“随着,用”;over意为“在(做)……期间,边……边……”。句意:他们边喝咖啡边进行了友好的交谈。
考点二:表示地点方位的介词 1.at,in,on,to
(1)at表示在小地方或“在……附近;在……旁边”。 如: He arrived at the station at ten. He is sitting at the desk.
(2)in表示在大地方或“在……范围之内”。 如: He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. Shandong lies in the east of China. (3)on表示毗邻或接壤。如:
Russia lies on the north of China.
(4)to表示“在……范围外”,不强调是否接壤。如: Japan is to the east of China. 2.above,over,on
(1)above意为“在……上方”,只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直,与 below相对。如:
The bird is flying above my head.
(2)over意为“在……之上”,表示垂直高于,与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。如:
There is a bridge over the river.
(3)on意为“在……之上”,表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如: He put his watch on the desk. 3.below,under
(1)below表示“在……之下”,不一定在正下方。如: Please write your name below the line. (2)under表示“在……正下方”。 如:
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There is a cat under the table.
【典例分析】 (2011·天津高考)He was a good student and scored ______ average in most subjects.
A.below B.of C.on D.above
答案为D项。句意:他是一个好学生,大多数科目得分高于平均水平。above average意为“高于平均数”;below average意为“低于平均数”;on average意为“平均起来,一般说来”。
考点三:表示运动方向的介词 1.across,through
(1)across表示从物体表面穿过,与on有关。如: across the playground/square/desert/river (2)over表示动作是在空中进行的。如: He jumped over the wall.
(3)through表示从物体里面穿过,与in有关。也可表示时间,指“(从开始到结束)经历了……”。如:
through the pipe/forest/door
We work hard all through the year. 2.in,into
(1)in通常表示静态,意为“在……里面”。如: We walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。
(2)into通常表示动态,意为“进入到……里面”。如: We walked into the park.我们走进了公园。
【典例分析】 (2011·上海高考)Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.
A.through B.up C.with D.from
答案为A项。句意:毕业时是感谢那些曾经帮助过你经历艰难岁月的人们的好时候。through表示经历一段时间。
考点四:表示原因的介词
1.for表示原因时,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。如:
I am sorry for what I said to you.
2.at表示引起某种情感变化的原因,常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的过去分词或形容词连用,意为“因听到或看到……而……”。如:
He was surprised at the news.
3.from常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因,如受伤、车祸等。如: He died from the wound.
4.of多用于表示自身或内在的原因,如病、饿等。如: The old man died of hunger.
5.with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如: Hearing the news,he jumped with joy. He was shaking with anger.
6.by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如: She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。
7.over 一般用于 cry,weep,laugh 等带有感情色彩的动词后,表示所发生的事情的原因。如:
She wept over the death of her daughter. We laughed over the victory.
8.because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如: He retired last month because of his illness.
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9.thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常意为“幸亏……,多亏……”。如: Thanks to John,we won the game. 【典例分析】 When we heard the news that Beijing Basketball Team has won the final,we sang and danced ______ joy.
A.to B.with C.at D.of
答案为B项。该题应用with表示由于高兴而又唱又跳。with表示原因时,一般指由于外界而影响到内部的原因。
(2012·河北保定高三调研)—How about your trip to Italy? —Oh,______ the fine weather,we enjoyed ourselves indeed. A.but for B.thanks to C.in spite of D.because of
答案为B项。句意:——你到意大利的旅行怎么样? ——哦,幸亏天气好,我们玩得很愉快。B项意为“幸亏,由于”,符合句意。but for表示“要不是……”;in spite of表示“尽管……”;because of表示“因为……”,都与句意不符。
考点五:表示计量的介词
1.at表示“以……速度;以……价格”。如: It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour. I sold my car at a high price.
2.for表示“用……交换;以……为代价”。如: He sold his car for 500 dollars. 注意:at表示单价,for表示总钱数。
3.by表示“以……计”,后跟度量单位。如: They paid him by the month.
注意:by后接具体度量单位要加the。
【典例分析】 He thought the jar made of earth ______ little value and let me have it ______ only one dollar.
A.with;for B.of;for C.of;by D.with;by
答案为B项。第一个空应用of,of little value/importance/use意为“没大有价值、重要性、用处”;第二个空应用for,表示“以一美元为代价,用一美元交换”。
考点六:表示工具或手段的介词
1.by意为“用某种方式”,后面的名词不带冠词。如: I went there by bus.
2.with表示“用某种工具”,后面的名词需带冠词。如: He broke the window with a stone.
3.in表示“用”时,后面的宾语不带冠词,且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如: I hate letters written in pencil.
We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood. 4.on表示“以……方式”,多用于固定词组。如: They talked on the telephone.
She learns English on the radio/on TV.
【典例分析】 The form is very important.Please fill in the form ______ ink not ______ a pencil,Jack.
A.in;by B.with;in C.in;with D.by;in 答案为C项。第一个空应用in表示“用墨水”;第二个空应用with表示“用……工具”,后面的名词带有冠词。
考点七:表示“在……之间”的介词 1.between表示在两者之间。如:
You are to sit between your father and me. 2.among表示在三者或三者以上之间。如: He is always happy among his classmates.
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