Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race and Family Life. They try to develop their skills through close supervision and organized activities, and teach children to question authority figures and navigate elite institutions.
[G]Working-class parents, meanwhile, believe their children will naturally thrive, and give them far greater independence and time for free play. They are taught to be compliant and respectful to adults. There are benefits to both approaches. Working-class children are happier, more independent, complain less and are closer to family members, Ms. Lareau found. Higher-income children are more likely to declare boredom and expect their parents to solve their problems. Yet later on, the more affluent children end up in college and on the way to the middle class, while working-class children tend to struggle. Children from higher-income families are likely to have the skills to navigate bureaucracies and succeed in schools and workplaces, Ms. Lareau said.
[H]“Do all parents want the most success for their children? Absolutely,” she said. “Do some strategies give children more advantages than others in institutions? Probably they do. Will parents be damaging children if they have one fewer organized activity? No, I really doubt it.”
[I]Social scientists say the differences arise in part because low-income parents have less money to spend on music class or preschool, and less flexible schedules to take children to museums or attend school events. Extracurricular activities reflect the differences in child rearing in the Pew survey, which was of a nationally representative sample of 1,807 parents. Of families earning more that $75,000 a year, 84% say their children have participated in organized sports over the past year, 64% have done volunteer work and 62% have taken lessons in music, dance or art. Of families earning less than $30,000, 59% of children have done sports, 37% have volunteered and 41% have taken arts classes.
[J]Especially in affluent families, children start young. Nearly half of high-earning, college-graduate parents enrolled their children in arts classes before they were 5, compared with one.fifth of low- income, less-educated parents.
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Nonetheless, 20% of well-off parents say their children’s schedules are too hectic, compared with 8% of poorer parents.
[K]Another example is reading aloud, which studies have shown gives children bigger vocabularies and better reading comprehension in school. 71% of parents with a college degree say they do it every day, compared with 33% of those with a high school diploma or less. White parents are more likely than other to read to their children daily, as are married parents. Most affluent parents enroll their children in preschool or day care, while low-income parents are more likely to depend on family members. Discipline techniques vary by education level: 8% of those with a postgraduate degree say they often beat their children, compared with 22% of those with a high school degree or less.
[L]The survey also probed attitudes and anxieties. Interestingly, parents’ attitudes toward education do not seem to reflect their own educational background as much as a belief in the importance of education for upward mobility. Most American parents say they are not concerned about their children’s grades as long as they work hard. But 50% of poor parents say it is extremely important to them that their children earn a college degree, compared with 39% of wealthier parents. f
[M]Less-educated parents, and poorer and black and Latino parents are more likely to believe that there is no such thing as too much involvement in a child’s education. Parents who are white, wealthy or college-educated say too much involvement can be bad. Parental anxieties reflect their circumstances. High-earning parents are much more likely to say they live in a good neighborhood for raising children. While bullying is parents’ greatest concern over all, nearly half of low-income parents worry their child will get shot, compared with one-fifth of high-income parents. They are more worried about their children being depressed or anxious.
[N]In the Pew survey, middle-class families earning between $30,000 and $75,000 a year fell right between working-class and high-earning parents on issues like the quality of their neighborhood for raising children, participation in
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extracurricular activities and involvement in their children’s education.
[O]Children were not always raised so differently. The achievement gap between children from high- and low-income families is 30-40% larger among children born in 2001 than those born 25 years earlier, according to Mr. Reardon’s research. People used to live near people of different income levels; neighborhoods are now more segregated by income. More than a quarter of children live in singleparent households — a historic high, according to Pew — and these children are three times as likely to live in poverty as those who live with married parents. Meanwhile, growing income inequality has coincided with the increasing importance of a college degree for earning a middle-class wage.
[P]Yet there are recent signs that the gap could be starting to shrink. In the past decade, even as income inequality has grown, some of the socioeconomic differences in parenting, like reading to children and going to libraries, have narrowed.
[Q] Public policies aimed at young children have helped, including public preschool programs and reading initiatives. Addressing differences in the earliest years, it seems, could reduce inequality in the next, generation. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
36.Working-class parents teach their children to be obedient and show respect to adults.
37.American parents, whether rich or poor, have similar expectations of their children despite different
ways of parenting.
38.While rich parents are more concerned with their children’s psychological well-being, poor parents are more worried about their children’s safety.
39.The increasing differences in child rearing between rich and poor families reflect growing social inequality.
40.Parenting approaches of working-class and affluent families both have advantages. 41.Higher-income families and working-class families now tend to live in different neighborhoods.
42.Physical punishment is used much less by well-educated parents.
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43.Ms. Lareau doesn’t believe participating in fewer after-class activities will negatively affect children’s development.
44.Wealthy parents are concerned about their children’s mental health and busy schedules.
45.Some socioeconomic differences in child rearing have shrunk in the past ten years. 36.【解析】[D]。根据题干中的关键词A number of factors 和 driving down the global oil prices 可定位至[D]段第三、四句。
37.【解析】[L]。根据题干中的关键词Pricing carbon 和 the most economical way 可定位至[L]段第 二句。
38.【解析】[J]。根据题干中的关键词African children可定位至[J]段第二句。 39.【解析】[E]。根据题干中的关键词 over-supply and decreasing demand 可定位至[E]段最后一句。
40.【解析】[H]。根据题干中的关键词higher fossil fuel prices 以及 innovation and application of cleaner technology可定位至[H]段第二句。
41.【解析】[A]。根据题干中的关键词remain low for a long time 和 higher emissions of greenhouse gases可定位至[A]段第一、三句。
42.【解析】[G]。根据题干中的关键词primary energy consumption可定位至[G]段第二句。
43.【解析】[F]。根据题干中的关键词major fossil exporting countries 和 develop renewable energies可定位至[F]段第二句。
44.【解析】[O]。根据题干中的关鍵词not properly dealt with 和 pose endless risks 可定位至[O] 段最后一句。
45.【解析】 [B]。细节题。根据题干中的关键词urgent for governments, increase the cost 和 lessen the catastrophic effects可定位至[B]段第二句。
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the
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