7 preferential 8 retain 9 interim 10 profiled
1 过去的50年见证了世界贸易的迅猛增长。货物出口额平均每年增长6%。2000年贸易总额是1950年的22倍。关税与贸易总协定和世界贸易组织创立的强大兴旺的贸易体制，为史无前例的贸易增长作出了贡献。
2 与第二次世界战争刚刚结束，他们希望给早日推动贸易自由化，并开始纠正从30 年代初就开始实施的贸易保护措施。
3 有时候，承诺不再提高贸易壁垒，可视为与降低同等重要，因为承诺对企业提供了一个更清晰的关于未来机会全貌。通过稳定性和可预见性，鼓励了投资，创造了就业岗位，消费者能充分享受竞争的好处---选择的多样性和更低的价格。 4 中国正在进行经济体制改革，使经济体制更加以市场为导向。中国的入世过程有世界贸易组织工作组进行指导，工作组是由世界贸易组织中所有有利害关系的政府成员组成的。 5电信部门具有双重作用，既是经济活动的独立部门，又是其他经济活动的基本传输手段，例如电子汇款。
6 如今，在许多过去以低技术买卖交易的货物或商品的价值中包含更高比例的发明和设计，如知名品牌服装或植物新品种。 7 贸易政策审议机制（“ TPRM”）的目的在于通过提高各成员贸易政策和做法的透明度并使之得到更好的理解，有助于所有成员更好地遵守多边贸易协定和适用的诸边贸易协定的规则、纪律和在各协定项下所作的承诺，从而有助于多边贸易体制更加平稳地运行。 8 我希望建成一揽子能帮助评估各发展中国家贸易能力的——一种给各国提出清晰奋斗目标并能激励我们大家做出更大努力的类似比赛成绩单的贸易表现晴雨表。 9 如果发展中国家想利用一份成功多哈协议中涌出的新机会的话，他们需要提高贸易能力方面的协助。
10 WTO并没有与环境有关的特定协定。然而，如果符合一定的条件，WTO 协议是肯定政府保护环境的权力的，并且其中一些协议包含与环境有关的规定。 1 决议由全体成员作出，特别是经全体成全一致同意而作出决议。大多数投票通过也有可能，但这种方法在世界贸易组织里从未用过，在其前身关税与贸易总协定里也几乎没有用过。世界贸易组织的协定须经所有成员国议会批准。
2 从1948年至1994年，关税和贸易总协定（关贸总协定）为诸多世界贸易提供规则，主宰了国际商业经历最高速增长的时期。 3 开放市场可以带来好处，但也需要调整的过程。世贸组织协定允许各国通过\逐步自由化\逐步推行各项改革措施。通常会给予发展中国家更长的时间履行自己的义务。
4附件是议定书必不可少的一部分，具有法律约束力，涉及与申请方贸易领域有关的具体问题。像其他所有的入世议定书一样，附件的内容也是谈判的重点，达成附件的目的是为了像世界贸易组织各成员保证由申请方承诺的改革和过度性措施会真正的到实施。 5 例如，国民待遇是指外国服务提供者和本国国民适用相同的法规。
6 新的国际承认的知识产权贸易规则被视为一种可引进更有秩序和更可预见的途径，并可使争端得以更系统的解决。
7 各成员认识到政府在贸易政策问题上决策的国内透明度对各成员的经济和多边贸易体制具有的固有价值，并同意在各自体制内鼓励和促进提高透明度，同时承认国内透明度的落实必须以自愿为基础，并考虑每一成员的法律和政治体制。
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8 从全球贸易援助审查中获得的第二个重要信息是我们应该把工作重心从提高认识转移到实际执行上来。
9 总理事会于 2006 年 12 月 12 日表示赞同特遣队的报告，该报告将援助换贸易计划纳入在了一个更加宽泛的发展框架内，并且对其今后的工作和实施提出了一系列建议。
10更为普遍地 WTO 成员们确信一个开放的、公正的和非歧视性的多边贸易体制对于国内和国际上努力更好地保护环境资源和促进可持续发展有非常重要的贡献
在那之前，在1997年，一个关于对最不发达国家提供优先贸易和技术支持的高级会议决定建立包括六个政府间机构在内的“整合框架”， 来帮助最不发达国家提高贸易能力，以及一些额外的市场准入优惠协议。 2 原意是要创造第三个机构，与\布雷顿森林\的另外两个机构世界银行和国际货币基金，处理国际经济合作中贸易方面的事务。
3 降低贸易壁垒是鼓励贸易最明显的手段之一。壁垒包括海关税收（关税）和禁止进口或有选择性限制进口数量的配额措施，通常其它问题如复杂的审批制度和汇率政策，也会被讨论到。
4世界贸易组织于 2001年9月17日圆满结束了关于中国入世条件的谈判，为11月份在卡塔尔多哈举行的部长级会议上正式通过文本协议铺平了道路。
5 由于国内立法是影响和制约服务贸易最重要的手段，服务贸易总协定要求各成员政府合理、客观、公正地调整服务贸易。 6 从长远观点来看，当知识产权保护鼓励发明创造时，尤其是当保护期满这些发明创造进入公众领域时，社会将会受益。
7 按此确认的前4个贸易实体（欧洲共同体计为一实体）每2年审议一次。其后的16个实体每4年审议一次。其他成员每6年审议一次，但可对最不发达国家成员确定更长的期限。 8 我认为在这方面我们有理由持乐观态度，而且我们已经看到各国在这方面变得更加积极主动这一令人振奋的信号。
9 自从 WTO 成立以来，其开展的活动质量不断提高，数量不断增加，实施的程度不断增强，顺应了当下WTO各成员以及观察员对于此类活动日益增长的需求。
10 这里，世界贸易组织各成员应就其已采取的环境政策和可能采取的措施提供尽可能多的信息，如果这些措施能对贸易产生重要影响。
1 The establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) ushers in a new era of global economic cooperation, reflecting the widespread desire to operate in a fairer and more open multilateral trading system for the benefit and welfare of their peoples.
2 The regular surveillance of national trade policies through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism provides a further means of encouraging transparency both domestically and at the multilateral level.
3 And yet, despite its troubled progress, the Uruguay Round did see some early results.
4 Schedules of specific commitments shall be annexed to this Agreement and shall form an integral part thereof.
5 Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.
6 The Dispute Settlement Body shall have the authority to establish panels, adopt panel reports, and maintain surveillance of implementation of rulings and recommendations. 7 The trade policies and practices of all Members shall be subject to periodic review.
8 A new report by the International Labor Organization, ILO, says child labor, especially in its
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worst forms, is in decline for the first time across the globe.
9 The lack of specificity in the relevant WTO rules on the do's and don’ts of RTAs gives Members significant leeway in the design of such agreements.
10Developing countries do not have to cut their subsidies or lower their tariffs as much as developed countries, and they are given extra time to complete their obligations.
1 Ministers recognize the importance of the implementation of these provisions for the least-developed countries and declare their intention to continue to assist and facilitate the expansion of their trade and investment opportunities.
2 The system does allow tariffs and, in limited circumstances, other forms of protection. More accurately, it is a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and undistorted competition.
3 The talks ended in a deadlock that was not resolved until officials met more quietly in Geneva the following April.
4 Members may negotiate specific commitments applying to the movement of all categories of natural persons supplying services under the Agreement.
5 Producers of phonograms shall enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms.
6 The dispute settlement system of the WTO is a central element in providing security and predictability to the multilateral system.
7 The Trade Policy Review Body (referred to herein as the \out trade policy reviews.
8 A new report by the International Labor Organization, ILO, says child labor, especially in its worst forms, is in decline for the first time across the globe.
9 The tension in the RTA-WTO relationship may pose a threat to the business community, the global production system and the balanced development of world trade.
10The main complaint about policies which support domestic prices, or subsidize production in some other way, is that they encourage over-production.
1 The Council for Trade in Goods, the Council for Trade in Services and the Council for TRIPS shall establish subsidiary bodies as required. These subsidiary bodies shall establish their respective rules of procedure subject to the approval of their respective Councils.
2 The issues are complex, and the rules try to establish what is fair or unfair, and how governments can respond, in particular by charging additional import duties calculated to compensate for damage caused by unfair trade.
3 At times it seemed doomed to fail. But in the end, the Uruguay Round brought about the biggest reform of the world’s trading system since GATT was created.
4 This Annex specifies the conditions under which a Member, at the entry into force of this Agreement, is exempted from its obligations under paragraph 1 of Article II.
5 Any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings, shall be capable of constituting a trademark. 6 Any request for consultation shall be submitted in wring and shall give reasons for the request. 7 The TPRB shall establish a basic plan for the conduct of the reviews.
8 Many single low-income women who try to enter the work force find themselves competing for jobs that require business clothes they can't afford.
9 Decision of the GATT Council on Differential and More Favorable Treatment waives developing countries' obligations under GATT Article I.
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10 They also include payments made directly to farmers that do not stimulate production, such as certain forms of direct income support, assistance to help farmers restructure agriculture, and direct payments under environmental and regional assistance programmes.
1 The work programme, the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), adds negotiations and other work on non-agricultural tariffs, trade and environment, WTO rules such as anti-dumping and subsidies, investment, competition policy, trade facilitation, transparency in government procurement, intellectual property, and a range of issues raised by developing countries as difficulties they face in implementing the present WTO agreements.
2 The talks are bilateral because different countries have different trading interests. The talks cover tariff rates and specific market access commitments, and other policies in goods and services. 3 Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market.
4 In addition to aiding the Chairman, member government and China in their work on China’s accession, the WTO Secretarial also provided administrative and legal assistance as necessary. 5 Because they believed such an agreement could undermine governments’ ability to pursue national policy objectives and constrain their regulatory powers.
1 The WTO agreements cover rules for dealing with trade in goods, services, relevant aspects of intellectual property, dispute settlement, and trade policy reviews.
2 They usually take into account advice from private firms, business organizations, farmers, consumers and other interest groups.
3 Other barriers include measures such as import bans or quotas that restrict quantities selectively and also red tape and exchange rate policies.
4 As a result of the negotiation, China has agreed to undertake a series of important commitments to open and liberalize its regime in order to better integrate in the world economy and offer a more predictable environment for trade and foreign investment in accordance with WTO rules. 5 MFN stands for most-favoured-nation which means treating one’s trading partners equally on the principle of non-discrimination. Under GATS, once allowing foreign competition in a sector, a country should give equal opportunities in that sector to service providers from all other WTO members.
1 Technical cooperation is an area of WTO work that is devoted entirely to helping developing countries (and countries in transition from centrally-planned economies) operates successfully in the multilateral trading system. The objective is to help build the necessary institutions and to train officials. The subjects covered deal both with trade policies and with effective negotiations.
2 It reflects the broader spread of bargaining power in the WTO. The G-20 is just an example to be seen as politically symbolic of this change. 3 Trade without discrimination
Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation
Predictability: through binding and transparency Promoting fair competition
Encouraging development and economic reform
4 Its concern has changed from initial focus on China’s trade regime for goods to a broader scope including trade in services, new rules on non-tariff measures and rules relating to intellectual
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