Alteringyourmicrobiome，however，maynotbeeasy，
andnobodyknowshowlongitmighttake.That’sbecausetheecosystemalreadyestablishedinyourgutdetermineshowitabsorbsandprocessesnutrients.Soifthemicrobialcommunityinyourguthasbeenshapedbyadailydietofcheeseburgersandpepperonipizza，forexample，itwon’trespondasquicklytoahealthydietasagutshapedbyvegetablesandfruitsthathasmorevariedmicrobiotatobeginwith.
“Thenutritionalvalueoffoodisinfluencedinpartbythemicrobialcommunitythatencountersthatfood
，
”saidDrJeffreyGordon
，
theseniorauthorofthenewpaperanddirectoroftheCenterforGenomeScienceandSystemsBiologyattheWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis.“Nutritionalcomponentsofahealthydiethavetobeviewedfromtheinsideout，”hesaid，“notjusttheoutsidein.”
Oneofthequestionsthestudysetouttoanswerwashowindividualswithdifferentdietsrespondwhentheytrytoimprovetheireatinghabits.Thescientistsharvestedgutbacteriafromhumans
，
transplantedthemintomicebredundersterileconditions
，
andthenfedthemiceeitherAmerican-styleorplant-baseddiets.Thescientiststhenanalyzedchangesinthemice’smicrobialcommunities.
Ofinterest
，
thescientistsharvestedthegutbacteriafrompeoplewhofollowedsharplydifferentdiets.OnegroupateafairlytypicalAmericandiet
，
consumingabout3,000caloriesaday
，
highinanimalproteinswithfewfruitsandvegetables.Someoftheirfavoritefoodswereprocessedcheese，pepperoniandlunchmeats.
Theothergroupconsistedofpeoplewhoweredevoteesofcalorierestriction.Theyatelessthan1,800caloriesadayandhadmeticulouslytrackedwhattheyateforatleasttwoyears，stickingtoamostlyplant-baseddietandconsumingfarlessanimalproteinthantheothergroup，athirdfewercarbohydratesandonlyhalfthefat.
Thiscalorie-restrictedgroup
，
theresearchersfound
，
hadafarricherandmorediversemicrobialcommunityinthegutthanthoseeatingatypicalAmericandiet.Theyalsocarriedseveralstrainsof“good”bacteria，knowntopromotehealth，thatareuniquetotheirplant-baseddiet.“Theirchoicesasadultsdramaticallyinfluencedtheirgutcommunity
，
”saidNicholasW.GriffinofWashingtonUniversity
，
thepaper’sleadauthor.
Thestudy
，
publishedinCellHost&Microbe
，
isnotthefirsttoreportfindingssuggestingdietaryshiftscaninducepersistentchangesinagutmicrobialcommunity
，saidDrDavidA.Relman
5
，aprofessorofmedicine，
microbiologyandimmunologyatStanfordUniversity，
whowasnotinvolvedinthecurrentresearch.Henotedthatotherstudieshadfoundevenmoreprofoundeffects.
Afterthehumanmicrobiotawastransplantedintothemice
themicegottoeateitherliketypicalAmericansorlikethecalorierestrictors.
MicethathadamicrobiotaconditionedbythetypicalAmericandiethadaweakerresponsetotheplant-baseddiet.Theirmicrobialcommunitiesdidn’tincreaseanddiversifyasmuch.“Theyallrespondedinapredictabledirectionbutwithnotasgreatamagnitude，”saidDrGriffin.
Anotheraspectofthestudysuggeststhecompanyyoukeepmayalsoenrichyourgutmicrobiota—atleastinmice.Atfirsttheanimalswerekeptinseparatecages.Thenwhentheywerehousedtogether
，，，，
themicrobesfromthecommunitiesconditionedbyplantdietsmadetheirwayintotheAmerican-dietmicrobiome.
It’snotclearhowthattranslatestohumansMiceeatoneanother’sdroppingswhentheylivetogethersotheyeasilysharethebacterialwealth.Stillit’spossiblehumanshaveotherwaysofsharingbacteria
：，，，
DrGriffinsaid.“Weknowfrompreviousworkandotherstudiesthatspouseswholivetogetherwilldevelopmicrobialcommunitiesthataresimilartoeachother，”hesaid.
语篇解读 本文主要讲解了大肠杆菌和大肠细菌之间的问题以及如何营造比较好的大肠环境。 6.WhatcanweknowfromJeffreyGordon’sresearch? A.Theythoughtthatotherstudieshadlessprofoundeffects.
B.Thosewholiveacalorierestrictedlifehaveavarietyofmicrobialcommunityinthegut. C.People who were devotees of calorie restriction are crazy for processed cheese，pepperoni and so on.
D.TypicalAmericandietconsumeslessanimalproteinandathirdfewercarbohydrates. 答案 B 解
析
细
节
理
解
题
。
根
据
第
十
段
最
后
一
句
“Henotedthatotherstudieshadfoundevenmoreprofoundeffects.”可知A项是错误的。根据第九段第一句“Thiscalorie-restrictedgroup，theresearchersfound，hadafarricherandmorediversemicrobialcommunityinthegut”可知，限制饮食的人们会有更加多样灵活的肠道环境。选项C是偷换概念，不是热衷于控制热量摄入的人，应该是美式饮食者们需要这样的食物。根据第七段第二句和第八段最后一个分句可知，选项D是错误的。
6
由此可知答案是B项。
7.What’sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“encounter”inthefifthparagraph? A.Decrease. C.Meet. 答案 C 解
析
词
义
猜
测
题
。
由
画
线
词
所
在
句
中
的
B.Increase. D.Effect.
“Thenutritionalvalueoffoodisinfluencedinpartbythemicrobialcommunitythatencountersthatfood”和上下文可知，是食物遇到微生物群落，此处是“相遇，相汇”的意思，所以答案选“meet”。
8.WhichofthefollowingisFALSEaccordingtothepassage?
A.Adiminishedmicrobialecosystemjustextendtheintestinaltract. B.Itisimportanttogainahealthiermicrobiome.
C.Ahealthydietmustbeweighedfromtheinsidetotheoutside. D.Peoplewhoaccompanyyoumayenrichyourgutmicrobiota. 答案 A 解
析
细
节
理
解
题
。
根
据
第
二
段
最
后
一
句
“Adiminishedmicrobialecosystem...likedepressionandanxiety.”可知，不仅仅是对肠道产生影响，还会影响其他方方面面，故A项说法错误。根据文章第一段可知获得更健康的微生物群很重要，故
B
项说法正确。根据第五段最后一句
“‘Nutritionalcomponentsofahealthydiethavetobeviewedfromtheinsideout，’hesaid，‘notjusttheoutsidein.’”推出C项说法正确。选项D说的是陪伴我们的人们也有可能会影响到我们的肠道菌群，根据倒数第二段内容可知其说法正确。 9.What’sthebesttitleofthepassage? A.AVarietyofMicrobialCommunity B.HowtoAvoidGutTrouble C.TheWayofGutWorking D.AGutMakeoverfortheNewYear 答案 D
解析 标题归纳题。本篇文章一直在讲解有一个健康的肠道是多么重要，所以“AGutMakeoverfortheNewYear”是最合适的。 Ⅱ.任务型阅读
话题：互联网技术 TheImpactofTechnologyonPolitics
7
难度：★★★
Thecontinuedgrowthoftechnologyhashadasignificantimpactonthepoliticallevelsthatcandidatesachieve.
Politicalcandidatesusetechnologyinmanyways.DifferentcommunicationchannelsprovidedbytheInternethavethepowertoinfluencethegrowthofdifferentindividuals.ThelikesofTwitter
，
，
andYouTubearepowerfulcommunicationmediaplatformsthatcaneasilyraisethelevelsofpoliticalcandidates.Believeitornot
technologyisadecisivefactorinmostpoliticalraces.Throughtechnology
，，
politiciansareabletogetfunds，gainpoliticalauthoritiesandspendlessoncampaigning.
Oneofthewaysinwhichtechnologyinfluencespoliticsisthefinancialside.Raisingfundstouseforcampaigningisanimportantfactorforallpoliticalcandidates.Itcomeswiththeneedtocreateadirectresponsetothewholecountryortargetregion.Thisisamajorbarrierexperiencedbypoliticalcandidates.TheInternetaidedthemtogetdonationsthattheyrequiredtogainaccesstoalargepartofthecampaignregion.Bybroadcastingthroughtechnologicalmarketing
，
candidatesgetsuitabledonors(
捐公
众赠
宣
者传
) )
tosupportdifferentaspectsoftheircampaign.Publicity(
ontheInternetisacheapmethodastheydonothavetore-publishunlikewhatisprovidedbytheprintmedia.
Theimpactoftechnologyisgreatonagivengeneration.Theyoung
，
educatedandrichwillrelatetotechnologicalcreativity.Aproperpresentationwillgainlevelsforcandidates.Usingthemostrecenttechnologywillsurelyattracttheyouth.Theoldergenerationmaynotimpacttheraisingofpresidentialbids
，
especiallyiftheyaredonethroughsocialmedia.TheoldergenerationbarelyusestheInternet.Theyoungergenerationrelateseasilytothesemediaplatforms.Thisdifferenceisusedbypoliticianstogainadvantageintheirpoliticalbids.Politiciansusetechnologytoraisetheirbidsamongtheyouth，whiletraditionalmethodsareusedfortheoldergeneration.
AnotherwaytolookatthematterisinrelationtothinkingabouttheInternetasatoolforfreeadvertisement.Itisnosecretthatpresidentialbidsarethemostexpensiveastheyareruntocoverthewholeregion.Ontheotherhandpoliticalvideoseasilyproduceonlinelevelbenefits
，，，
andsuchpoliticalInternetadvertisementwillalwaysreachthetargetaudienceiflaunchedproperly.Individualsperformtheneededpublicityaseachpersonsharesthevideo.Withthehugeimpactthattechnologyhasonsocietyandpublicopinioninparticularitisimportanttobecautiousintheuseofinformationaboutanypoliticalfigure
8
，，
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