动物疫病防控体系研究

动物疫病防控体系与运行机制研究

mechanism on the part of developed countries showed: there was a lot of good experience in the countries having developed husbandry as represented by Europe, the United States and other countries in the prevention and control of animal diseases. Including: setting up the efficient system of veterinary management, and executing a unified centralized management; perfecting the official team at the core of the national veterinary, and establishing the system of vertical veterinary officer; performing the quarantine of strict entry and wide export, and strengthening the control of animal and animal products imported; founding the perfect system of official veterinary laboratories and diagnostic standard, and assistting national veterinary administration diagnosing and fighting against animal diseases; setting up the scientific programme for emergency responsing, and establishing the system of emergency responsing mechanisms and reasonable compensation; proposing the fighting plan of animal diseases steadily and scientificly, and strictly monitoring the implementation of the accreditation process, establishing a sound legal, technical standards and financial security system. These experiences and practices were worthy of our emulation.

3. The study of Chinese animal epidemic prevention and control showed: Chinese animal epidemic prevention and control had a long history, and had made great achievements, but many problems still existed. Such as no clearly defined national appropriate level of protection of animal health, the system of veterinary management, the system of legal, the system of the standard for the laboratories and infections diagnostic technology, the system of monitoring and certificating infections, the system of emergency responsing, and the mechanism of risking assessment and entry-exit inspection, etc were still not perfect. In addition to the conditions of various of infections and the backward rearing methods, the epidemic prevention and control was still facing great pressure. Work should be aimed at the problems existed in the epidemic prevention

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山东农业大学硕士专业学位论文

and control in accordance with the internal laws, and further strengthening the study of the epidemic prevention and control system and operating mechanism, putting forward the scientific measures of prevention and control which was enhanced the level of Chinese animal epidemic prevention.

This study showed that a perfect national epidemic prevention and control system should be made up of the six aspects of effective support systems at least. Namely, the system of scientific and efficient veterinary management, a sound system of laws and regulations, the system of veterinary laboratory technical support, the scientific system of surveillance and certification for, the rapid emergency responsing system and the system of strict import and export quarantine and the risk analyzing. Moreover, the various subsystems in epidemic prevention and control system mutual supportting, mutual depending on but mutual restraintting, which worked together protected the safety of animal health and public health. Only guaranteeing the various subsystems of epidemic prevention and control system efficient running, the national animal epidemic prevention could develop to a higher level continuously and achieve the goal of eradication and control for infections.

Keywords:animal diseases;system and mechanism;study

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动物疫病防控体系与运行机制研究

第一章 引 言

1.目的与意义

1.1研究的目的

本论文的研究目的，主要是通过对国际通行规则、发达国家兽医管理体制和动物疫病防控经验、全国畜牧业发展和动物疫病防治情况的研究，针对我国动物卫生管理体系和动物疫病防控工作现状以及存在问题进行调查分析，探讨构建适合国内动物疫病防控工作体系和关键措施，提出适合国情的动物疫病防控运行机制。期望能够达到建立动物疫病长效防控机制，加强动物及动物产品卫生安全质量监管，确保人民群众身体健康，促进畜牧经济持续、快速、健康发展的目的。

1.2研究背景和问题的提出 1.2.1研究背景

畜牧业已经成为农村经济的支柱产业。改革开放后，我国国民经济的持续发展和社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立，农业和农村经济结构的战略性调整，为畜牧业发展创造了良好的机遇，人民生活水平不断提高，拉动了畜产品需求的持续增长，科技进步开始渗透到畜牧业发展的各个环节，拓宽了畜牧业发展的空间。我国畜牧业取得了长足发展和进步，连续30年来持续快速增长，占农业总产值的比重也逐步提高。目前，全国畜牧业产值占农业总产值比重的30%以上，畜牧业经济已成为国民经济的重要组成部分，已由农村副业上升为农村经济的支柱产业，成为农民致富的重要途径。据专家估算，在近年农民增收的因素中，畜牧业的贡献率已达30%以上，个别省份已超过50%，畜牧业收入已成为农民收入的重要来源。畜牧业的快速稳定发展，既拉动了产前饲料加工业的发展，又拉动了产后

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山东农业大学硕士专业学位论文

畜产品加工业及运输、经营等第三产业的发展，增加了城乡劳动力就业，对稳定和增加农民收入起到了十分重要的作用。

畜牧业已由数量型向质量效益型转变。我国的畜产品市场供应，在改革开放近60年中，大体先后经历了畜产品奇缺、定量供应、购销放开、供应充足四个时期。当前，畜牧业已由过去的主要为农业劳动提供畜力，畜产品自给自足、散养饲养的畜牧方式，逐步向商品化、规模化、集约化方向发展，畜牧业已经形成为一个大的产业。畜产品已经实现了由长期短缺向总量供需平衡、部分地区供大于求的历史性转变，畜产品供不应求的问题已基本解决，畜产品生产已经在保障供给的基础上，逐步向质量、安全和环保的更高要求发展，正处在一个从量到质转换的重要时期。

人们动物源性食品安全意识越来越强。随着生活水平的提高和经济贸易全球化趋势影响，各国动物保护水平的高低也越来越受到全世界高度关注。特别是我国已经加入世界贸易组织（WTO），畜产品国内外市场竞争正在进一步加剧；同时，人们对动物源性食品安全的意识越来越高，对动物源性食品安全的要求也越来越高。加强动物防疫体系建设，加大重大动物疫病的防控力度，提高畜产品动物卫生质量，增强畜产品国内外市场竞争力将是动物卫生工作今后一段时期的工作重点。

动物疫病和畜产品质量已成为畜牧业发展的重要制约因素。近年来，国内重大动物疫病时有发生。同时，为了控制疫病的危害，提高畜牧业生产效率，各地大量使用，尤其是不能规范使用疫苗、药物及添加剂等工业制品，导致畜产品中的兽药和有害物质残留及其引起的中毒事件呈上升趋势。动物疫病和食品安全问题不仅影响着畜牧业的发展及我国人民的健康与安全，也使畜产品的出口严重受阻，国际贸易受到影响[1]。究其根源，最重要的是我国的动物疫病控制模式和管理体制在很多方面不符合其内在的客观规律，国家不能有效地利用现有各种资源来控制各种动物疫病和加强畜产品安全监管，致使我国的动物疫病防治和畜产品卫生质量水平不高[2]。

我国动物疫病防控工作面临巨大压力。我国是畜禽养殖大国。随着改革开放的深入、我国农业结构调整和畜牧业的快速发展，国内畜牧业生产方式发生了新的变化，规模化饲养比重逐渐增大，养殖密度加大，而且现

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