C. Western Europe oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuels
D. The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option in densely populated Western Europe
20. The word “they” in Line 28 refers to __________. A. internal-combustion engines B. marginal reductions C. alternative fuels
D. greenhouse emissions
篇章3 当前题号：第21-30题，总题数：50题；
Line Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time and have its identity. visibility, and meaning. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have “cancer the crab”—so named because its pain is like the 5 pinch of a crab’s claw. Pre-modern cancer is a lump that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors and evil ones. In the second century A.D., Galen reckoned that the cause was 10 systemic, an excess of sadness or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors” brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances.
Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the
prognosis was known to be grim.
The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on culture has been light. In the past, fear came from 15
infectious and epidemic diseases, strokes, heart attacks, and tuberculosis.
The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind — as it now is. This is one reason why the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern
20 diseasepar excellence”.
At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition
25 produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, some physicians attributed cancer to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century textDomestic Medicine judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, and religious melancholy”. In the nineteenth
30 century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality”, and, in
some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, even obscene. “It seems unimaginable”, Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize” cancer.
21. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians __________. A. were able to tell benign tumors from evil ones B. knew about a lot of cancerous tumors C. found out the cause of cancer D. looked at cancer as the crab
22. According to Galen, cancer is triggered by all of the following EXCEPT _______. A. the excess of sadness B. a poor diet
C. sociological factors
D. environmental conditions
23. The word “benign” in Line 8 refers to _______. A. unharmful B. bad C. positive D. brutal
24. The word “grim” in Line 13 is closest in meaning to _______. A. dirty B. dreadful C. striking D. excellent
25. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?
A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer B. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinement C. In the past, people did not fear cancer at all D. Some physicians believed behavioral characteristics could lead to cancer 26. According to the passage, with which of the following would the author most likely agree?
A. Today people understand cancer in fundamentally new ways B. Cancer would be totally eliminated in the 21st century C. Cancer care and management are very sophisticated D. There is a dramatic rise in mortality in modern cancer world 27. “Neurasthenia and diabetes” are mentioned in Paragraph 3 for the purpose of _______. A. emphasizing that they are as fatal as cancer B. illustrating that they are regarded as “diseases of civilization”
C. explaining that they are brought about by the pressure of modern life D. showing that people dread them very much
28. Sontag’s remark about cancer indicates that one time _______. A. infectious and epidemic diseases were major causes of death B. cancer ranked just below heart disease as a cause of death
C. cancer was viewed as a dirty disease related to human being’s behaviors D. the cancers of the past were visible on the body’s surface
29. The author’s attitude towards cancer can be described as _______.
A. critical B. concerned C. helpless D. objective
30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? A. Cancer’s identity has never changed B. Cancer is the price paid for modern life
C. The care and management of cancer have developed over time D. The cultural significance of cancer has shifted over time
篇章4 当前题号：第31-40题，总题数：50题；
Line Nelson Mandela once said, “Education is the most powerful weapon
that you can use to change the world”. Nearly everybody agrees: It’s going to take a revolution to fix America’s public schools. Louis V. Gerstner Jr., one of the business leaders in education reform, proclaims
5 the Noah principle: “No more prizes for predicting rain. Prizes only for bilding arks. We’ve got to change whole schools and whole school
system.”
But this isn’t so. Firstly, nobody really wants a revolution. Revolution
would mean removing the whole present structure of education overnight
10 and inventing a new one from the beginning, in the conviction that
anything must be an improvement—no matter what it costs. What these folks really want isn’t revolution but major reform, changing the system radically but in an orderly fashion. The changes are supposed to be tested in large-scale pilot programs—Gerstner’s “arks”—and then installed nationally. 15
But even that is just a distant gleam in the eye and a dubious proposition too. There’s nothing like a consensus even on designing those arks, let alone where they are supposed to come to ground. And anyone who has watched radical reforms in the real world has to be wary of them: Invariably, they take a long time and cost a great deal, and even so 20
they fail more often than they succeed. The best and most natural changes come not in wholesale gulps, but in small bites.
What the think-big reformers fail to acknowledge is that schools all over the country are changing all the time. From head-start programs to
25 after-school big brother/big sister projects to self-esteem workshops, it’s
precisely these small-scale innovations and demonstration programs that are doing the job, in thousands of schools. Some of these efforts are only partly successful; some fail; some work small miracles. They focus varyingly on children, teachers, and parents, on methods of administration
30 and techniques of teaching, on efforts to motivate kids, teach values and
mobilize community support. Some are relatively expensive; others cost almost nothing. But all of them can be done—and have been done.
The important thing is that local schools aren’t waiting for a
35
revolution. They are working out their own problems and making their own schools better. And anyone—teachers, parents, principals, school board members—anyone who cares enough and works hard enough can do the same.
31. According to the Nelson Mandela quote, education can__________. A. be used to hurt people
B. be accessible to powerful people C. teach people to use weapon D. help create change
32. According to the passage, Gerstner believes __________. A. the present school system is functioning adequately
B. the emphasis should be shifted to finding solutions rather than focus on
describing problems
C. the school curriculum should include more classes D. in the value of monetary prizes to outstanding students
33. The word “installed” in Line 14 is closest in meaning to __________. A. implemented B. informed C. explained D. stressed
34. The author views the pilot programs as all of the following EXCEPT __________. A. costly
B. time-consuming C. uncertain to succeed D. a product of consensus
35. The word “they” in Line 18 refers to __________. A. folks
B. pilot programs C. changes D. schools
36. The word “wholesale” in Line 22 is closest in meaning to __________. A. cheap B. large C. valuable D. fair
37. Which best summarizes the idea of “small bites” in Line 22? A. Changing the system radically but in an orderly fashion B. Allowing children to choose from a variety of programs C. Using modest innovations to improve schools D. Teaching the theory of evolution in the classroom
38. According to the author, the “small-scale innovations” mentioned in Line 26 __________.
A. are largely theoretical so far B. do not work on a large scale
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