课堂导学
问题导读
1.What is the main idea of Confucius according to the passage? A.Kindness,duty and order in society are very important. B.Government is more important than its people. C.All men are created equal. D.All men are born good. 答案：A
2.What was the possible relationship between Confucius and Mencius? A.Teachers and students.
B.Mencius was the follower of Confucius’s idea. C.They all worked for the same state. D.Nothing related at all. 答案：B
3.In which way was Mozi’s idea the same as that of Confucius? A.Men should be kind. B.Men were born equal.
C.Government should be more emphasized than its people. D.People were more important than the government. 答案：C
4.In Mencius’ opinion,which was the most important,the government,the ruler or people? A.Government. B.Ruler. C.People. D.Not mentioned. 答案：C
5.What is the similarity of the three philosophers in Ancient China according to the passage? A.They were all born poor.
B.They all wrote their own books. C.They all traveled from state to state.
D.Their philosophies all influenced China for a long time. 答案：D
【开放性问题】
Why were there so many great philosophers existing in Ancient China? 难句透视
1.Mencius was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to that of Confucius. 孟子是一个思想家，他的理论和学说跟孔子的极为相似。 剖析：(1)句子的主干是Mencius was a thinker。whose引导的定语从句修饰先行词thinker。 (2)本句中that替代teachings。一般说来，前面的名词是单数形式或是不可数名词时，后面的替代词用that或the one;前面的名词是复数形式时，后面的替代词用those或the ones。但本句中的teachings虽然是复数形式，其含义是“学说，教义”，是抽象概念，所以用替代。
拓展：短语be similar to意思为“和……相似”，与之形近的短语有：be familiar to“为……所熟悉”和be familiar with“熟悉，通晓，精通”。
2.However,when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice,he resigned. 然而，当他看到统治者不采取他的建议时，他辞职了。
剖析：(1)主句为he resigned,when引导的从句作时间状语。在此从句中，that引导的从句作宾语从句。连接副词however表转折，表示本句与上句的逻辑关系。
(2)follow one’s advice = take one’s advice意思为“接受某人的意见”。
拓展：advice的其他短语有：by one’s advice=on one’s advice (依某人劝告)，ask sb.for advice (向……征求意见，请教)，give sb.advice(劝告，忠告)
3.Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.
孟子认为人不同于动物的原因在于人是善良的。
剖析：(1)第一个that从句作believed的宾语，在这个从句中，why引导定语从句修饰the reason。第二个that从句为表语从句。
(2)注意句子结构The reason why … is that ….用来陈述理由，意思是“……的理由/原因是……”。
4.He believed that people were more important than rulers,and hated the state when it treated people badly.
他认为“民贵君轻”，憎恶那些实行暴政的政权。
剖析：(1)本句中，and连接believed和hated两个动词。believed的宾语是that引导的从句；hated的宾语是the state。when引导的从句为时间状语从句。
(2)treat意思是“对待，把……看作”。
拓展：常用短语有：treat sb.badly(对某人不好)，treat sb.seriously(认真接待某人)，treat…as(把……看作)。treat还有“款待，招待”的意思，既可作动词也可作名词，短语如：treat sb.to…(用……款待某人)，句子：This is my treat.(这次我请客。)
5.Born in 476 BC,he came from a family which was very poor. 公元前476年，他出生于一个非常贫困的家庭。
剖析：(1)从句which was very poor作family的定语。 (2)分词短语born in 476 BC在句中作状语。
拓展：及物动词的过去分词在句子中通常可作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随、结果等状语，强调被动与完成。作时间、原因、条件状语时，通常位于句首；作方式、伴随、结果等状语时，通常位于句末。
6.As a result,he spent many years trying to find a state where people would follow his teachings.
结果，他花了很多年的时间找一个人们能听从他教诲的国家。 剖析：(1)该句中where引导一个定语从句，修饰state。
(2)as a result意思为“结果是”，多用逗号与其他句子成分隔开，表示本句与上句具有因果关系，本句是果，上句是因。as a result of…意思是“作为……的结果”。
拓展：follow本句意思为“听从”，常用于follow one’s advice(采纳某人的建议),follow one’s instruction(听从某人的指示),follow one’s example(照某人的榜样)等短语中。follow还有“跟随，沿……走，领会”等意思，常用于follow this road(沿这条路走)，Can you follow me?(你明白我的话吗)，Spring follows winter.(冬去春来)等语句中。
7.Mozi taught that we should love all human beings and look after those who are weaker than ourselves.
墨子教导我们应该去爱护所有的人，去照顾那些比我们自己弱小的人。
剖析：(1)本句为一个比较复杂的复合句。其中that引导的从句作taught的宾语，在这个宾语从句中and连接love和look after两个谓语动词。
(2)who引导的定语从句修饰先行词those。those为先行词且指代人时，其定语从句多用
who引导。
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