动词时态
动词用以表示动作或存在状态。有人称和数的变化，有时态、语态和语气的特征。
一、动词时态-----
* 用不同的动词形式来表示不同时间里以不同方式状态发生的动作或存在。 * 时有，现在、过去、将来、过去将来；态有，一般、进行、完成、完成进行。 * 英语句子中，通过谓语动词的形式变化来指示动作的时间和状态，还有时间状语来参照帮助说明动作的时间和状态。
二、构成公式 时 态 现在 过去 将来 shall + 动词原形 will (be / v) be going to, be to be about to 过去将来 一般 * 动词原形 * 动词过去式 * 第三人称单数+ s (v-ed/ was, were) am, is, are, / v，v-ed yesterday, last year, often, every day, just now, in 1987, always, sometimes, two years ago, once a week, at that time on Sundays. (moment) am is + v-ing are was + v-ing were should +动词原形 would (be / v) was/ were going to was/ were to, tomorrow, next was/were about to week, in the future, 常用于宾语从句或later, next time 间接引语中 进行 shall + be + v-ing now, at this then, at this /that will moment, time at 10 o’ at present, yesterday, last night （look, listen） have + 过去分词 has (been / v-ed) should + be + v-ing would 完成 had + 过去分词 should (been / v-ed) shall + have+过去分 + have+过去分词 by, before, when引just, already, never, would (been / 导的短语或从句。 词 yet, ever, once, by that time, before, will (been / v-ed) v-ed) lately, by this time, by the end of, 表将来的时间状语 表过去将来的时间before, since, for a by three o’clock 状语 long time have has + been+ v-ing 现在完成时强调已完成进行 经完成，而现在完成进行时强调持续并可能继续持续下去 had + been + v-ing 以某一特定过去时间为前提。 shall + have + v-ing will should + have + v-ing would 各种时态的句型变化： 1、一般现在时 肯定式 I study English at home everyday. 否定式 疑问式 一般 疑问式 特殊 肯定回答 否定回答 I am a student in the 12 high school now. （更多的时态）
1、 一般现在时
①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100oC. Three plus three is six.
②表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。 We always care for each other and help each other. She gets up at six every morning. ③表示主语的现状、性质、特征、状态时多用系动词或状态动词.
He is a student. She hates computer games. The bottle holds a quarter of a pound of ink. Ice feels cold. He is happy. My father is at work.
④在时间、条件、让步状语从句（when, while, if, even though）中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。 When he arrives, he will let you know. Even if it rains, the sports meeting will continue.
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，也只用一般现在时。 The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. The plane takes off at 11:00 Tomorrow is Wednesday. The meeting begins at seven.
⑥一般现在时表正在进行的动作，用于Here comes….，There comes…。表达看或听到某种情况感到喜悦、惊讶发出喊叫。Look! Here flies a sparrow! There goes a thief! How strongly the wind blows! ⑦一般现在时代替现在完成时。主要用于say, see, hear, tell, understand, find, remember, read, write等表示互通信息的动词。They tell me it’s a fantastic film. I hear that you have read As You Like It.
表示知觉、态度、感情、的词表示现在发生的动作，不用进行时态，常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong、 seem等。如： I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. ⑧一般现在时用于文章标题、剧本、图片说明等。“Earthquake kills more than 2000 people.”
2、一般过去时 （动词过去式的规则和不规则变化）
① 表示过去具体时间发生的动作或所处的状态，常与表过去的时间状语连用：last night, yesterday, a few day ago, last year, the other day, at that time, at that moment, in 1999, just now, in old days. The fire broke out during the night. Patrick looked very well when I last saw him. Judy is going to marry the sailor she met in Rome last year. ② 过去经常、反复发生的动作，频率时间状语连用：always, usually, often, sometimes, never, regularly. The children often went hungry in the old days. He played tennis regularly for years when he was young. ③ 没有具体时间的过去的动作或情况：I was brought up by my grandparents in the countryside. -----Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya? ----- Who wrote it? 当叙述某一动作或状态在过去持续了一段时间后终止，或者在过去某段时间发生了若干次时，用一般过去时，而不用现在完成时。
I lived in London for many years, but I have never regretted my final decision to move back to China. ④ 在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中或表过去将来的动作（过去时背景下的主将从现） She said she would come if I promised to wait for her.
Melissa told me that immediately she arrived, she would ring me up. ⑤ 在谈及已去世的人时多用过去时：Luxun was a great writer.
⑥ 常用一般过去时的句型： since---They have been friends ever since they were in primary school. Why didn’t you think of that? I didn’t notice it. I didn’t recognize him. I forgot to tell you I had been there before. used to do sth--- Tom used to play football.
3、 一般将来时
①将来要发生的动作或状态，用will / shall +动词（与表将来的时间状语tomorrow、next week, in the future, later,等连用）。 Next week we will take part in the Olympic Games. I will be better next time ②表示一种趋向或习惯动作，或将来某一时间内经常反复发生的动作。 We’ll die without air or water. I will come and see you every month next year.
③表示位置转移的瞬间动词如come、go、start、begin、leave、arrive、return、do, die, lose, fly等常用现在进行时表示预计即将发生的动作。 We’re leaving early tomorrow morning.
瞬间性动词用于进行时还可表示 A.动作的反复Having had a bad cold, I am coughing day and night. B.短暂的持续性或非常慢的动作，“慢慢地，渐渐地”。It’s time to start now, because day is drawing. ④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别： * be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定或意图。 I’m going to quit my job. I will open the door.
be going to 也可指客观迹象表明将要发生。I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. It’s going to rain, be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如： If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确) If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)
*be to +动原.按计划安排在具体的时间将发生的动作，或表示命令、禁止，职责，义务，可能性等。 A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon. There is to be a concert on Saturday evening. We are to take care of all these children. No one is to leave the room without permission.
*be about to do sth.表示客观“即将，正要”发生的动作，后面不能接具体时间状语，但可以有as或when引导的时间状语从句。 Autumn harvest is about to start. The meeting is about to begin. I’m not about to stop when I’m so close to success. As I came, she was about to go to the cinema. ⑤一些情况下一般现在时可以表将来-----见一般现在时讲解。
4、 过去将来时
①would / should + 动词原形，表示从过去来看将要发生的动作和状态，常用于宾从或间接引语。He said he would go to the north for the holiday. I told her I should (would) return the book in a few days. ②was/were going to 表示过去曾经打算或计划要做的事,或在过去时间里将要发生的客观迹象。 I thought it was going to rain. He told me he was going to learn another foreign language. ③was/were + to + 动词原形, 表示过去安排在具体的时间将发生的动作，或表示命令、禁止，职责，义务，可能性。He said he was to finish the work in a week. We were to do whatever they told us to do. ④was/were + about + to + 动词原形 I was about to go out when the telephone rang. We were about to go into the cinema when Mary appeared. 5、 现在进行时
① 表示说话时正在发生着的动作或状态，常与now, at this moment, at present连用。
----Have you got any job offers? ----No. I am waiting. Listen. What language are they speaking? ② 表示现阶段在进行，但此时此刻不一定正在进行。The workers are building a new factory. Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.
③表示位置转移的瞬间动词如come、go、start、begin、leave、arrive、return、do, die, lose, fly等常用现在进行时表示预计即将发生的动作。 We’re leaving early tomorrow morning.
瞬间性动词用于进行时还可表示 A.动作的反复Having had a bad cold, I am coughing day and night. B.短暂的持续性或非常慢的动作，“慢慢地，渐渐地”。It’s time to start now, because day is drawing. ④与always, forever, constantly, continually, all the time等时间频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩---赞扬，同情，不满，好奇等) She is always finding fault with others. He is usually leaving things about. Why are you always coming late for class.
⑤hope, want, wonder等少数动词用现在进行时来表示比一般现在时更加委婉的语气。
I hope you can come and have supper with us. I am hoping you can come and have supper with us. ⑥系表的进行时表示一时的表现（平时不这样）。Tom is being a little impolite. You’re being annoying ⑦下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、感知，情感的动作：like, love, hate, know, forget, remember, understand, care, think, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：have, has, appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, own, possess, belong to, depend on, have on. （C）表示短暂性动作的动词：allow, accept, give, receive, decide, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感觉的感官动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste。 6、 过去进行时
① 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。What were you doing at ten o’clock last night?
常同at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday 连用.
② 过去某一时间段内发生或频繁发生。 We were discussing the plan the whole morning yesterday. ③ 用于介绍故事背景。Once an Arab was traveling in the desert.
④ 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，两个同时持续的动作，其中一个是由when或while引导的时间状从。 I was doing my homework while he was listening to music. 我在做作业而他在听音乐。 ⑤ 表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。如： I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看报，突然门铃响了。
⑥ 与always, forever, constantly, continually, all the time等时间频度副词连用，表过去经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩---赞扬，同情，不满，好奇等) He was continually asking her questions. ⑦ 过去进行时表从过去看将要发生的动作。 He told me he was leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
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