Simile 明喻：常用as或like等词把具有共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来进行比较。 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.（1.11） 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. （1.13）
3. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.（1.19）
4. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti
over the roads.（1.28）
5. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. 6. Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.
7. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal
boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. 8. 把马克吐温比喻成其作品主人公哈克和汤姆的父亲。
9. All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory
that seemed phonographic。 将马克吐温的记忆比作留声机，说明其记忆力超常。
10. I am the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked
barley pancake. 将白皙光滑的皮肤比成大麦饼，暗指迪依比喜欢母亲的皮肤。
11. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that
erupted like bubbles in lye. 将迪依尖酸刻薄的幽默比成碱水里的气泡。暗指他的幽默可能会伤人。 12. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. 13. 将迪依男友的头发比成一条扭结的骡子尾巴
14. It stands straight up like the wool on a sheep. 将迪依的头发比成羊毛
15. Maggie's hand is as limp as a fish, and probably as cold, despite the sweat, and she keeps trying to pull
it back. 将迪依的手比成一条冰冷无力的鱼，说明迪依当时很紧张。 16. Maggie's brain is like an elephant's,
17. 将迪依的大脑比成大象的大脑，大象的记忆力好，讽刺迪依什么都能记住。
18. The great billowing clouds that sail upon it are th shadows that move upon the grain like water, dividing
light. 把翻腾的云在作物上投下的阴影比作水，描绘出光线忽明忽暗 19. And the land was like iron. 把干涸的大地比作铁板一样坚硬。
20. Her long,black hair,always drawn and braided in the day,lay upon her shoulders and against her breasts
like a shawl. 把祖母披散在肩膀上的浓密、黝黑的长发比喻成一块披肩垂在胸前。 21. My line of vision was such that the creature fiiled the moon like a fossil.
把蟋蟀比作化石，表现蟋蟀栖在栏杆上一动不动的景象。
19.A warm wind rose up and purled like the longing within me. 把温暖的风比作内心涌动的渴望。
Metaphor 暗喻，同明喻类似，但暗喻的比较不通过比喻词as或like进行。暗喻的运用可以起到化抽象为具体。
1. \before dark.\
（1.4）
2. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti
over the roads.（1.28）
3. Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, dropping more than 28 inches of
rain into West Virginia and southern Virginia, causing rampaging floods, huge mountain slides and 111 additional deaths before breaking up over the Atlantic Ocean.（1.32）
4. And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to
do with anything a Nippon railways official might say.（2.1）
5. The usher bowed deeply and heaved a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation
which the mayor had sent me in response to my request for an interview.（2.5）
6. no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S.
history
7. By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1 500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere. 8. The street around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs
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9. \
10. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his
oratory as he should have.
11. After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement.
12. She washed us in a river of make-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn't necessarily need
to know.
Washed 和burned 用了暗喻，暗示白人文化犹如洪水和大火一样给黑人文化带来巨大的冲击。
13. When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my
feet. 用暗喻表明母亲突然的到了一种顿悟，而这种顿悟带来的冲击力好像自己受到了重击一样。 14. contributed to the erosion of black families 把黑人家庭解体比喻成某物的腐蚀 15. But for all those who scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of the American Dream, there were many who didn't make it 把有些美国人摸爬滚打历尽艰辛的奋斗过程比喻成抓挠某物
16. But for all those who scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of the American Dream, there were
many who didn't make it
把种族间的误解鸿沟比喻成地上的裂缝
17. many times only to see their jobs shipped overseas or their pension dumped after a lifetime
of labor.把工作机会输出国外比喻成某人或某物被运送出国外。 18. that working together we can move beyond some of our old
racial wounds, 把种族间的歧视行为比喻成伤痕
19. that working together we can move beyond some of our old
racial wounds, 把无形困难比喻成天花板
20. or as fodder for the nightly news. 把晚间新闻的资谈比喻成饲料
21. by providing this generation with ladders of opportunity that were unavailable for
previous generations. 把成功阶梯比喻成梯子 22. and in summer the prairie is a anvil’s edge.
作者把夏季的大平原比作铁砧的边缘，一方面说明大平原干旱缺雨而变得坚硬无比 23. Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain
把高原的草地形状比喻成楼梯，将草地从高处向低处延伸到平原的走势描写生动
24. Not yet would they veer southward to the caldron of the land that lay below, they must wean their
blood from the northern 把这片深陷的土地比成大而深的敞口锅 Personification 拟人
1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it
40 feet through the air.（1.18）
2. it seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away.（1.19）
transferred epithet 移就 有意识地把描写A的词语移用来描写B。
1. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the
storm from their spectacular vantage point.（1.20）
2. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court
to open.
reassuring 本来是用来修饰人的，此处却用来修饰arm，体现人的思想感情，胳膊本身不能让作者感到安慰，但大罗用胳膊搂着作者这一友好的动作却给作者安慰。
3. an earlier generation that suffered under the brutal legacy of slavery and Jim Crow. Brutal本来是来修
饰奴隶主的做法和奴隶制度的，这里却用来修饰遗留问题，说明上一辈的美国黑人在残暴的奴隶制度和种族歧视下备受折磨。
4.This time we want to talk about the men and women of every color and creed who serve together, and fight together, and bleed together under the same proud flag. Proud本来是用来修饰在同一面旗帜下一期服役、一起战斗。。的那那女女的，这里却用来修饰旗帜，说
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明他们在面对国旗时的骄傲。
sarcasm 讽刺
1. Hiroshima -- the “Liveliest” City in Japan
2. If you write about this city, do not forget to say that it is the gayest city in Japan, even it many of the
town's people still bear hidden wounds, and burns.（2.27）
3. Bryan, ageing and paunchy , was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. 4. \讽刺原教旨主义者的无知。 5. \讽刺原教旨主义者并没有推理能力。
6. \
from below\通过对比讽刺进化论者甘于承认自己的低贱和堕落。
7. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given post of his life to politics.\暗指布莱恩不仅是
上帝的一个捍卫者，更多的是一个政治家。
8. Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.本来秃头没有什么可擦拭的，表现出布莱恩的尴尬。
9. I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. 马克吐温说自己比想出撤退方法
的人更善于撤退，这里想出撤退方法的人指南方邦联游击队员，讽刺他们只是退却而没有勇气去战斗。
10. “... one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler men in a night.” 讽刺土耳其统治者苏丹的无
能，比苏丹有能力的人比比皆是。
Irony 反讽 言非所指，正话反说
1. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the man who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind. 想表达的是16世纪的蒙昧无知，但正话反说，用glorious来修饰age，讽刺那个时代禁锢人们思想的宗教。
Pun 双关语 一语双关
1. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT -- INSIDE. Darwin既指店主的名字，也暗指《进化论》坐着达
尔文，而right既可意为“正确”，也指“正好，恰好”
Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法 用两种不相调和，甚至截然相反的词语描述同一事物。
1. until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century 2. Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a \
Alliteration 头韵：开头的音节有相同或接近相同的发音，通常是相同的字母形式。
1. That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster's uniform shouted, as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station.（1.1）
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2. I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me. 3. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. 4. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied -- a cosmos。 5. It was a splendid population – for all the slow,sleepy,sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home。
6. It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences, 7. or provide men and women of every color and creed their full rights and obligations as citizens of the United States.
8. not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well. 9. but views that denigrate both the greatness and the goodness of our nation 10. Our trials and triumphs became at once unique and universal, black and more than black; 11.the stories and songs gave us a means to reclaim memories that we didn't need to feel shame about... 12. the struggles and successes, the love and yes, the bitterness and bias that make up the black experience in America.
11. And occasionally it finds voice in the church on Sunday morning, in the pulpit and in the pews. 12. Talk show hosts and conservative commentators built entire careers unmasking bogus claims of racism while dismissing legitimate discussions of racial injustice and inequality as mere political correctness or reverse racism. 13. The grass turns brittle and brown… 14. Willow and witch hazel 15. Great green-and-yellow grasshoppers are everywhere in the tall grass 16. belongs to the eagle and elk, the badger and the bear. 17. and they were bent and blind in the wilderness. 18. there to beg and barter for an animal from the Goodnight herd. 19. so exclusive were they of all mere custom and company 20. but there was something inherently sad in the sound, some merest hesitation upon the syllables of sorrow.
21. The aged visitors thos came to my grandmother’s house when I was a child were made of lean and leather, and they bore themselves upright. 22. full of jest and gesture, fright and false alarm Synecdoche 提喻 不直接说某一事物的名称，借事物本身所呈现的各种对应的想象来表现该事物。
1. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very
symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.（2.7）作者用little old Japan指旧式日本小屋
2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football
coach at the secondary school. 用“my head”代表“我”整个人。
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