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2) 省略往往是为了避免重复,包括承前省略和后指省略 3) 省略的部分要能够还原,还原后要求结构对应,逻辑关系正确 4) 并列结构中的省略
? 省略相同的主语、宾语、联系动词、助动词、情态动词: sb. do ... and (sb.) do... sb. do (sth.) and do sth. sth. be A and (be) B be doing ... and doing ... be done ... and done ... have done ... and done ... will do ... and do ...
must/would/should/can/could/may do ... and do ...
? 两个句子并列,第一个句子含有 be 动词或者 become,第二个句子的 be 动词或者 become 必须省
略,同时,一些重复的名词或者形容词也必须省略 5) be 动词或 being 动词常倾向于省略 be known as being sth.(省去 being) n.,being sth.(省去 being) 6) 习惯性省略
? as needed/planned/required/scheduled Use chemically resistant gloves as needed.
? whenever/wherever necessary/needed/possible
Whenever and wherever possible, the staff should offer to do extra things for the guests. ? than ever/before/ever before/usual/expected/predicted/estimated/anticipated
With a flair for fashion and a pop-star wife, Beckham bounced back from career disappointments and emerged more successful than ever.
??? consider sth. sth./adj
We consider Beijing the heart of our country. ??? prove adj.
I hope you will prove adequate to the job. 13. 否定结构
1) 全部否定 ? 用 not 否定谓语动词 ? 其他表示否定意义的词 no,no one/nobody,none (of),neither ... nor ...,never,neither,nor,nothing 2) 部分否定
? 某些不定代词和否定词连用 all,every,both
? 某些副词与否定词连用
always,often,quite,entirely,altogether 3) 双重否定
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形式上是否定,内容上是肯定,表达强烈语气 ? 否定词 + 否定前缀
not incapable,not unlike,nothing impossible,never dissatisfied ? 否定词 + 含有否定意义的词语 there is no doubt that...
Man cannot live without water.
? 否定词 + 否定词或者否定句 No one should do nothing to society. He is nothing if not diligent.
4) 意义上的否定
英语中有些词和短语在意义上表示否定
little,few,seldom,scarcely,hardly,too ... to,rather than,fail/failure to do,in the absence of(没有, 缺乏),no more than(与?同样不),no amount of(怎么?也不?),no longer,by no means(绝不,一点 也不),in no way(绝不),cannot...too(无论怎样也不过分)
A man can do no more than he can.(凡事只能量力而行。) We cannot too strongly urge upon you the importance of this matter.(对此事,我们无论怎样向你强调其重 要性都不会过分。)
二、主谓一致
1. 代词的指代一致 指向同一指代对象的代词的单复数要保持一致,根据未画
线部分来判断。
Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so infrequently that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes. 2. 定语从句中的主谓一致
1) 名词 1 of 名词 2 + that verb 先利用逻辑关系判断出 that 引导的定语从句修饰名词 1 还是名词 2,再根据修饰对象判断动词的单复 数形式。
2) (only/but) one of 复数名词 + that verb(复数)
That is only one of those books that are worth reading.
3) the (only) one of 复数名词 + that verb(单数) He is the only one of the students that has got full mark. 3. 倒装结构中的主谓一致
1) 在 there be A and B 句型中,由靠近 be 的 A 来决定 be 的单复数 There is a lot of nice food, drinks and a big cake on the table. 2) 在全倒装结构中,动词单复数由谓语后面的主语决定
This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.
3) 在部分倒装结构中,主语前的助动词单复数由主语决定
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Out of America?s fascination with all things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub. 4. 主语从句做主语时的主谓一致
主语从句做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数,但 what 和 who 等引导的主语从句含有复数含义时,动词 可用复数形式。
The period when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by Upper Paleolithic people has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals. 5. each 相关的主谓一致
1) 复数名词/复数代词 + each + verb,谓语动词用复数 They each have got a medal for their deeds. 2) each of 复数名词 + verb,谓语动词用单数
Each of us has a nice pencil-box.
6.物质名词的主谓一致 物质名词做主语,谓语动词用单数:equipment,stone,citrus,iron,milk,dioxin
The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit. (OG12-77) 7. 数词相关的主谓一致
数词 + 单位词复数 + of + 不可数名词/物质名词,谓语动词用复数形式 8. 学科名词的主谓一致 学科名词做主语,谓语动词用单数,但是,统计学(statistics)做“统计数据”讲,
经济学(economics)
做“经济政策”讲时,谓语动词用复数。 9. 以-s 结尾名称的主谓一致
以-s 结尾的疾病、国家名称或机构名称,谓语动词用单数。 10. or、but、either、neither 等连接主语的主谓一致
谓语动词的单复数由 B 决定:A or B,not A but B,either A or B,A nor B,not only A but also B,neither A nor B
11. with、including、as well as、besides 等修饰主语的主谓一致 谓语动词的单复数由 A 决定:A with B / A,including B / A as well as B / A,together B / A,along B / A, no less than B / A,more than B / A besides B / A except B 12. 主语中有插入成分的主谓一致
“A,举例短语(such as)/分词短语/介词短语/同位语/不定式等插入成分,谓语动词”结构中,谓语 动词单复数由 A 决定。 13. no 修饰主语时的主谓一致
“no + 名词”结构做主语时,由名词的单复数形式决定谓语动词的单复数形式。 No job has more influence on the future of the world. No letters survive from this early period.
14. part、most、all、some、分数相关的主谓一致
谓语动词的单复数由 of 后面的名词决定:part of n. / most of n. / all of n. / some of n. / 分数或百分数 of
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n. / the rest of n.
15. a body/collection/array/series 相关的主谓一致
谓语动词用单数:a body/collection/array/series/set/portion/group/ of 复数名词 16. a/the total/number/average 相关的主谓一致
1) a total of 复数名词做主语,谓语动词用复数 2) the number of 复数名词做主语,用单数;a number of 复数名词做主语,用复数 3) the average of 复数名词做主语,用单数;a average of 复数名词做主语,用复数 17. neither 做主语时的主谓一致
neither 做主语时,谓语动词用单数。 18. 不定式和分词做主语时的主谓一致
不定式或者-ing 分词做主语时,谓语动词用单数。 19. 几分之一做主语时的主谓一致
one in/out of 复数名词做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式
two/three in/out of 复数名词做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式
三、动词形式
1. 过去完成时 寻找过去时间标志或者过去行为,通过逻辑关系判断判断动作发生在某一时间之前或者过
去某一动作
之前,即“过去的过去”。 2. 现在完成时
1) 根据时间标志词判断
since + 句子;since + 名词短语;since + 时间;since then;within/during/over/in + the past/last/recent + 时间短语。
2) 根据前后文逻辑关系或主从句时态的协调判断 3) 现在完成时强调“迄今为止” 3. 将来时
1) 条件从句、时间从句、方式从句、让步从句不能用一般将来时或过去将来时,常用一般现在时代
替一般将来时,一般过去时代替过去将来时 2) possibility that ... / likelihood that ... 中,that 从句用一般将来时 3) 标准书面语中,优先使用一般将来时,主观将来时常用 be supposed to do 表达,较少用 be going to
do,不使用 be to be doing、to be done 4) 根据时间标志判断:during the next 50 years,in the future 5) 根据前后文逻辑关系判断 4. 被动语态的构成 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在时 过去时 am/is/are asked was/were asked am/is/are being asked was/were being asked has/have been asked had been asked
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