www.zhan.com
将来时 过去将来时 will/shall be asked -- -- will/shall have been asked would/should have been asked would/should be asked 5. 被动语态的选择 1) 最高原则:逻辑关系的合理性 2) 主动优先原则 3) 主动与被动,重心不同
4) 动作执行者一般使用 by 表示,不能使用 according to 6. 不使用被动语态的词语
lead,cause,enable,become,receive,visit,lack,enter,cost,possess,resemble,last,like,enjoy, notice,watch,look at,listen to,pay attention to,suit,fit,contain,so as to do,be able to do,be likely to do
7. 主动形式表示被动含义
read like...,read well,prove helpful,sell well,be the most difficult to do,to adj. to do,be worth doing, require doing
8. 主动与被动都可以的词语
change,close,determine,end,finish,head,interest,issue,open,train sth. be aimed at doing sth. sb. aim to do sth. sth. be intended to do sth. sb. intend to do sth. sth. be targeted at sth. sb. target sth. 9. 虚拟语气的表达
1) if 条件从句使用虚拟语气,主句谓语动词也用虚拟语气 ? 表示与现在事实相反
从句用过去时(be 用 were),主句用 should(第一人称)/would(第二、三人称)/could/might + 动词 原形
If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. ? 表示与过去事实相反 从句用 had + 过去分词,主句用 should(第一人称)/would(第二、三人称)/could/might + have + 过 去分词
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. ? 表示与将来事实相反 从句用 should + 动词原形,主句用 should(第一人称)/would(第二、三人称)/could/might + 动词原 形
If he should come here tomorrow, I should talk to him. 2) if 条件从句倒装省略 if,使用虚拟语气,主句谓语动词也用虚拟语气 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有 were, should, 或 had, 可将 if 省略,再把 were, should 或 had 移到从 句句首,实行倒装。
Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billion in debts; at stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is the solvency of some of the world?s largest multinational banks.
www.zhan.com
Were they here now, they could help us. = If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him = If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved. = If it should rain, the crops would be saved. 3) without + 名词/代词,可表达虚拟条件
Without the worker's help, Sam would not have made so much progress.
4) should 条件从句用动词原形表达虚拟语气,但主句谓语动词不用虚拟语气 10. 后置主语从句的虚拟语气
It is adj. that 结构中,that 从句用动词原形表示虚拟语气:
import,natural,essential,imperative,necessary,vital,advisable,obligatory,best,incredible,ironic, preferable,appropriate
It is best that tourists have a pleasant place to relax.(最好给观光者提供一个休息的好地方。) 11. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1) 宾语从句用动词原形表示虚拟语气(省略了 should) ? 表建议
advocate/advise/move/recommend that ... do ... sb. suggest/propose that ... do ...
The doctor recommended that I give up smoking. ? 表命令
order/decree/mandate/command/demand that ... do ... I did not receive the order that you leave here at once. ? 表要求
request/require/insist that ... do ... sth. require of sb. that ... do ...
2) 不使用虚拟语气的宾语从句
allow that ...;rule that ...;sth. propose that ...;sth. suggest that ... 12. 虚拟语气的强弱 要保持原语气的强弱,
不能随意改变。 only if 和 if 不能替换;however much 和 however 不能替换;should 和 if 不能替换;be not unlike 和 be like 不能替换;if 和 on condition that 不能替换;any n.和 n.不能替换;just like 和 like 不能替换。 13. 情态动词的功能
情态动词(can/could,may/might,shall/should,will/would,must,need,ought to)用来帮助主动词 构成复合谓语,即情态动词+主动词=复合谓语。情态动词本身能够表示说话者对所述动作或状态的态度和 看法。
1) “推测性”和“非推测性”用法。must 表示推测时没有否定结构 情态动词 非推测性用法 推测性用法 can / could may / might will / would should / ought to must
表示能力、许可 表示许可 表示意志、意愿 表示义务、必须 表示义务、必须 表示可能 表示可能 表示推测 表示必然 表示必然
www.zhan.com
2) 情态动词 + 动词的完成时,表示推测 3) would,should,could 和 might 可用在非真实条件句中表示假象的可能,以至非事实 4) 口语中,would、could、will 和 can 表示“请求”意义,常用于疑问句,委婉口气依次减弱,GMAT
中不考这一内容,只考 can 和 could 在时态上的区别 5) must,need,ought to 和 should,表示“必然”意义,强度逐渐减弱。其中 need 可做实义动词使
用 6) shall,should,will 可以表示“纯粹未来” 7) may 可以表示“让步”意义,常见于 whatever 为主语的让步从句中,文体较正式 14. 情态动词可能程度的强弱顺序
由强到弱:must(=will have to),would,should,can,could,may,might。除了 may 和 might 可以 替换外,情态动词都不能互相替换。
15. “能力”和“可能性”的区别 根据生活事理或上下文逻辑关系判
定是“能力”还是“可能性”。 1) can/could 和 cannot/could not 强调“可能性” 2) be able to / be unable to 强调“能力”,表示特定的过去、现在或者未来的能力,或经过某种努力而
成功获得的能力 3) will be able to 表示将来“能力”或将来“可能性” 16. 情态动词的省略和添加
1) 原句有情态动词时,一般不省略 2) 当使用情态动词导致前后文语义重复时,情态动词必须省去
the possibility that ... might do => the possibility that ... do
3) 情态动词不能随意改变或添加,除非上下文逻辑关系有要求 17. so that 从句中的情态动词
so that 状语从句中,出现情态动词,表示目的,没有出现情态动词,表示结果。
四、分词和不定式
1. -ing 分词的形式
主动 现在 完成 doing having done 及物动词 被动 being done having been done 不及物动词 主动 vi. + ing having vi. + ing 2. –ing 分词的功能 1) 作主语:doing ... is / was / did / does ...
2) 作补语:find / keep / have / make + 名词短语 + -ing 分词 3) 作宾语:-ing 分词既可以做动词宾语,也可以做介词宾语 4) 作定语:-ing 分词做定语时,它所修饰的词一般是分词所表示的行为或状态的主体,从逻辑上看
似乎是一种主语和谓语的关系
www.zhan.com
5) 作状语:-ing 分词作状语一般放在句首或者句尾 3. -ed 分词的功能
1) 作补语:find / keep / have / make + 名词短语 + ed 分词
2) 作定语:-ed 分词作定语时,被修饰的词是分词所表示行为的承受者,从逻辑上看,修饰语和被修
饰语之间似乎是一种行为与客体之间的关系 3) 作状语:-ed 分词作状语时位于主谓结构之外 4. 分词逻辑主语的判断
1) 分词短语在句首作状语时,逻辑主语等于句子主语 2) -ing 短语在句尾
? 表示伴随动作、状态、功能,与句子的谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语等于句子主语 ? 表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,无逻辑主语,可在分词前加 thus、thereby、in effect 等,也可不
加 3) -ed 短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词 4) 介词或介词短语 + -ing 分词
in addition to / in / by / without / besides + doing ...,句子 ? 在句首,逻辑主语等于句子主语
? 在句尾,可能是句子主语,也可能不是 5. 分词短语的并列
-ing 分词短语和-ed 分词短语可以并列,作定语修饰名词 6. 分词的否定形式
not doing ... / without doing ... / not –ed ... / never –ed ... 7. -ing 分词的完成时态
-ing 分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转换为定语从句 n. + having done ... / having been done ... => n. that ... 8. 定语从句与分词短语的区别
1) 定语从句强调具体的时间、具体的行为,以及动作的一次性;分词短语强调笼统的、不确定的时
间,抽象的、客观的、重复性的、多次性的行为 2) 分词短语比定语从句简洁:两者都可以接受的时候,优先使用分词短语 3) 有情态动词的定语从句不能转为分词短语 4) 定语从句转为分词短语不能产生歧义 9. 加-ing 分词作宾语的动词
1) acknowledge;avoid;admit;enjoy;escape;suggest;assure;advocate;forbid;permit;favor;
recommend;resist;risk;involve;deny;include
There is no way to escape doing the work.
2) give up;credit to;aim at;contribute to;in contrast to;be supposed to;object to;be opposed to;
amount to ; be exposed/committed/limited/devoted to ; lead to ; be educated to ; be/become accustomed/used to
Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 3) aid sb. in doing;prevent/keep/prohibit/save sb. from doing;accuse sb. of doing
This device is designed to carry sound or to aid in hearing.
相关推荐: