文献信息: Sobotka A. The research of the development of logistics industry in the bonded area [J]. Journal of civil engineering and management, 2015, 12(1): 73-82. 原文
The research of the development of logistics industry in the bonded area
Sobotka A
Abstract
With the vigorous development of the global economy and trade as well as the expanding of the multinational company, logistics development beyond national borders, pressing for international cooperation and exchanges, and due to the extension and connotation deepening logistics, international logistics as a form of logistics, getting the attention of the governments and enterprises and development. Bonded area during more than ten years of development, has made great achievement. How effectively the international logistics relying on the bonded area development, transformation, in order to promote free trade zone to the free trade area is the major issue to be solved urgently is bonded area management, and research institutions. Keywords: Free trade zone; the logistics industry; the theoretical analysis 1 Introduction
International logistics development policy for environment, system conditions and regional (soft) is very tall to the requirement of external environment condition, and the particularity of the bonded area just for the free trade zone international logistics development provides a very favorable condition, makes the free trade zone international logistics development has more advantages than the average international logistics development. Free trade zone is a special areas under customs supervision mode, implementation of special trade policy, foreign policy, is in the nature of \Free trade zone is usually in reference to the international free port or free trade area, the formation of new economic open areas; it is a more special, more open areas. Due to the free trade zone is in the government under the unified planning, the government can coordinate in all logistics facilities and equipment, international logistics development of bonded area compared with the general international logistics has the congenital advantage, such as: policy advantages, advantages of geographic location and traffic on the scope of radiation, the advantage of performance of the international standard, combined with the port has a better advantage, as a
social inventory location advantage, etc. And the transformation of free trade zone will make bonded goods in and out of international logistics and convenient function is more outstanding, preferential policies, these advantages will greatly promote the development of free trade zone international logistics.
With the rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging industry in national economy, is developing rapidly in the global scope. At the same time, the logistics industry is regarded as the artery and basic industry in national economic development, its development degree become to measure a country's modernization degree and comprehensive national strength one of the important marks, also known as \free trade zone international logistics industry as an important component of China's logistics industry, especially as the bridge and the link to link domestic and international market, will also get rapid development. 2 Literature review
International logistics system is often as a part of the general logistics system research, there are few results about the international logistics system. Bauer sox (Donald Bowers ox) such as a person with the concept of \logistics\reveals the characteristics of the international logistics system, discussed the global supply chain system integration related topics, to argue that globalization had homework is at the forefront of vigorous development, the growing demand for international logistics management system, in the process of international logistics system integration, third party international logistics company plays an important role in the supply chain and strategic alliance. The Japanese logistics scholars under the palace of born in its \international logistics: environment, infrastructure, development process, discusses the environment of international logistics base, to make people notice the importance of developing international logistics external conditions, compared with general logistics, international logistics development policy for environment, system conditions and regional (soft) greater demands of the environment, and the gap is bigger. As researchers in logistics practice experience, the British Hughes (Jon Hughes) and others in book supply chain reengineering, from multiple perspectives, such as local, regional and global discusses the rapid response under the globalization of the international logistics system, and enhance the capacity of international logistics system related
issues, and a case study was carried out. In 1997, the world Organization for Economic co-operation and development (OECD, Organization for Economic Co - operation and Development) in the European Union, north American free trade area, and respectively set up three multilateral cooperation in the Asia-pacific region logistics team. Its main task is to research the status quo and characteristics of regional logistics, grasp the development trend of international logistics industry, described in the global economy and regional economic union established on the basis of the idea of a global logistics network, logistics policies for the region's countries to provide decision-making basis.
International logistics and domestic logistics have many similar places, but there are also many differences. The famous American logistics expert Henry, Fletcher aptly pointed out: \logistics as an octopus, it involves many aspects, also affected and restricted by various\It is expensive. Mainly includes: long-distance freight costs; Large inventory; A long with fixed cycle operating cycle; Transportation mode diversification; across the international border; Logistics companies tend to be large. International logistics is a multinational business and foreign trade service, make the national logistics system \with domestic logistics, international, complexity and risks, also exist in barriers. To this, the logistics expert Bauer sox and Klaus in their book logistics management: the integration of the supply chain process to do the induction system. Generally speaking, international logistics mainly face three big barriers: market and competition, the barriers, the financial barriers and barriers to distribution channels. International logistics management must be the actual cost to overcome these barriers and make a trade-off relationship between the potential benefits of international trade, in order to get real benefits by successful international operations.
As a result of the free trade zone international logistics concept is put forward in recent years, so about this research is very little, existing research mainly focused on the specific function of bonded logistics development, the specific operation of the free trade zone international logistics park planning, specific on the problem of the logistics development of bonded area. Existing research is mainly focused on: free trade zone function orientation of research, development prospect of the bonded area, bonded area management system research, bonded area impact study of China's accession to WTO, the transformation of the research to the free trade area, the basic theoretical research of international logistics, international logistics of practical research, as well
as the specific free trade zone international logistics development research, but for the bonded zone's international logistics industry is still in the blank in the research of the development of the state, and the development of international logistics industry, to transform the success of the bonded area, as well as to promote the sustainable development of regional economy has very important practical significance. 3 Bonded logistics related theory 3.1 The regional economic growth theory
Regional economy is an important part of national economy, the development of regional economy occupies an important position in national economy. In the process of the development of national economy, according to certain regional division of labor and cooperation, regional industry development and layout system, makes a country or a region to form together with the dispersed phase, which can maximize the regional advantage of region, and to establish the collaboration system of regional economy. Free trade zone is a concrete example of regional economy, it is in the connection both home and abroad market, to promote our country economy to adapt to the globalization tide, etc., is playing an important role. Regional economic growth theory is derived from the theories of development economics, such as the department of development theory, development theory, growth pole theory, etc. The growth pole theory at Fran?ois. Her first put forward the '50 s, the lug in the regional development planning and policy making in many countries gained obvious effect, has caused extensive concern of academic economics and geography. 3.2 The growth pole theory
Growth pole theory is by the French economist errand Fran?ois DE lug in the 1950 s. The formation and development of growth pole theory, with the development of the general economic theory; location theory is closely related, at first, the basis of the growth pole theory and analysis method, based on a general economics mostly. Following with the development of regional economics, regional science and geography, and much new technical analysis method of the application, and push forward regional policy by the government, kept expanding connotation and extension of the growth pole theory, has become a relatively perfect regional non-equilibrium development theory. The essence of the growth pole theory emphasizes is the unbalanced development of regional economy, to concentrate the limited scarce resources into development
potential, economies of scale and investment benefit is obvious a few department or location, make the growth point of economic power to strengthen, with the surrounding a potential difference, regional economy through the market economic mechanism of conduction medium strength to guide the whole regional economy development. The growth pole theory to the development of free trade zone in China has important theoretical guiding significance. 3.3 Regional advantage theory analysis
A country can be divided into several areas, between regions in terms of natural, economic, and social conditions often exist in all kinds of differences. Comparative analysis was carried out on the regional differences, we can find the advantages of different regions, the advantage is that form the basis of regional division of labor and trade structure, is also the important factors that affect regional economic development. Regional differences are the basis of the formation of regional advantages, but not any difference can form the advantages and disadvantages. Difference itself only show that the heterogeneity between objects are being compared, and do not reflect the advantages and disadvantages of problem between object and only under certain conditions for a specific goal, regional differences can evolve into area between the advantages and disadvantages. Regional advantage is a dynamic concept, it is not only relative to the object and target, at the same time, and it is conditioned by certain environmental conditions. When the regional environment change, regional have disadvantage also change accordingly. And from the perspective of a long-term trend, the development of the regional differences in step by step toward the interregional convergence.
4 The analysis of characteristics of the free trade zone international logistics
Free trade zone international logistics system with general logistics system, there is no essential difference between both is the pursuit of lower operating costs; improve operational efficiency and response speed, for the purpose. It mainly has the following features:
(1) expansion factors of logistics. The general logistics elements including warehousing, transportation, distribution, information service, etc. Free trade zone international logistics in addition to general logistics elements include ports, bonded, processing, tax, customs, regulatory elements, and a total of seven. Both together to form the complete free trade zone international logistics system.
(2) The customs clearance process is different. The customs clearance process is to declare the
goods of general trade, inspection, taxation, release. Bonded customs clearance process is the contract for the record, imports and exports, shipped back to close the case cancel after verification. It exports from import, storage or processing to after linear management process. (3) The antinomy. Free trade zone international logistics is the logistics operation under the supervision of the customs, this is the essence of it is different from other logistics. Customs in order to achieve the effectiveness of the supervision and strict process, complicated procedure, high sampling rate is necessary, but this has to do with modern logistics convenience, high efficiency and low cost operation requirements phase back. And customs supervision of strictness and efficiency of logistics operation \” makes the free trade zone international logistics difficulty increase in actual operation.
There are many significant barriers to international logistics development. America logistics expert Bauer sox (Donald Bowers’s ox) and Klaus (David. J. Closes) in their process of the integration of logistics management, supply chain, a thorough induction system. Generally speaking, international logistics mainly face three big barriers: market and competition, the financial barriers and distribution channels. 译文
保税区物流业发展研究
Sobotka A
摘要
随着全球经济贸易的蓬勃发展以及跨国公司的不断扩张，物流的发展超越了国界，迫切要求国际间的合作和交流，而且由于物流的外延扩大和内涵深化，国际物流作为物流的一种表现形式，日益得到各国政府和企业的重视和发展。保税区作在近十几年的发展过程中，取得了巨大的成就。如何有效地依托保税区发展国际物流，以促进保税区向自由贸易区转型，是各国保税区管理和研究机构亟待解决的重大课题。 关键词：保税区；物流业；理论分析 1 引言
国际物流的发展对于政策环境、制度条件和区域（软硬）环境等外部条件的要求很高，而保税区的特殊性恰恰为保税区国际物流的发展提供了非常有利的条件，使得保税区国际物流发展比一般的国际物流发展具备了更多优势。保税区是海关监管模式下的特殊区域，执行特殊的贸易政策、外汇政策，是具有“境内关外”性质的特殊国际物流运作区。保税区是在
借鉴国际自由港区或自由贸易区通常做法，形成的新型的经济开放区域，它是一个更特殊、更开放的区域。由于保税区是在政府统一规划下运作，政府可协调区内所有物流设施和设备，使得保税区发展国际物流比起一般的国际物流具备了先天的优势，如：政策上的优势、地理位置和交通辐射范围上的优势、履行国际标准的优势、与港口融为一体的优势、作为社会库存较优地点的优势等。而且，保税区的转型将会使保税区货物进出更加便捷、国际物流功能更为突出、政策优惠更为显著，这些优势将会极大地促进保税区国际物流的发展。
随着世界经济的快速发展和现代科学技术的进步，物流产业作为国民经济中一个新兴产业，正在全球范围内迅速发展。同时，物流产业被认为是国民经济发展的动脉和基础产业，其发展程度成为衡量一国现代化程度和综合国力的重要标志之一，也被喻为促进国民经济发展的“加速器”。 在此大环境下，保税区国际物流业作为中国物流产业的一个重要组成部分，特别是作为连接国内国际市场的桥梁和纽带，也将得到迅速的发展。 2 文献综述
国际物流系统往往是作为一般物流系统研究的一个部分，很少有关于国际物流系统的专门成果。鲍尔索克斯（Donald Bowers ox）等人以“全球物流”的概念，揭示了国际物流系统的特性，讨论了全球供应链系统一体化的相关论题，认为全球化作业正处在蓬勃发展的前沿，对国际物流系统管理的需求日益增长，在国际物流系统一体化过程中，第三方国际物流公司供应链和战略联盟起着至关重要的作用。日本物流学者宫下国生在其《日本的国际物流：环境、基础构造、发展过程》一书中，探讨了国际物流的环境基础，使人们注意到了发展国际物流外部条件的重要性，较之一般物流，国际物流的发展对于政策环境、制度条件和区域（软硬）环境的要求更高，而这方面的差距又更大。作为有物流实践经验的研究者，英国的休斯（Jon Hughes）等人在《供应链再造》一书中，从当地、区域和全球等多角度，探讨了全球化条件下快速反应的国际物流系统，以及提升国际物流系统关联能力的问题，并进行了案例分析。在 1997年世界经合组织(OECD——Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)就在欧共体、北美自由贸易区和亚太地区分别成立了三个多边合作物流研究小组。其主要任务是研究本地区物流的现状和特征，把握国际物流业的发展趋势，描述在全球经济和区域经济联盟的基础上建立全球物流网络的构想，为本地区各个国家制定物流政策提供决策依据。
国际物流与国内物流有许多相似的地方，但也有许多不同之处。美国著名物流学专家亨利格彻恰如其分地指出：“国际物流就像一条章鱼，它涉及多方面，也受到多方面的影响和制约”。它费用昂贵。主要包括：长距离的运费支出；较大的库存量；较长的同定循环作业
周期；运输方式多样化；穿越国际边界；物流公司趋于大型化。国际物流是为跨国经营和对外贸易服务，使各国物流系统相互“接轨”，因而与国内物流相比，具有国际性、复杂性和风险性，也存在着进人的壁垒。对此，美国物流专家鲍尔索克斯和克劳斯在他们的《物流管理：一体化供应链过程》一书做了系统归纳。一般说来，国际物流主要面对三大壁垒：市场和竞争的壁垒、金融壁垒和配送渠道壁垒。国际物流管理必须要对克服这些壁垒的实际成本与国际贸易的潜在利益之间的关系进行权衡，以期通过成功的国际运作获得实际利益。
由于保税区国际物流的概念于近些年才提出，所以关于这方面的研究非常少，已有研究主要集中于特定保税区物流功能的开发、特定保税区国际物流园区的运作规划、特定保税区的物流发展问题上。已有的研究探讨主要集中于：保税区功能定位的研究、保税区发展前景的研究、保税区管理体制的研究、保税区入世影响研究、向自由贸易区的转型研究、国际物流的基本理论研究、国际物流的实际操作研究、以及特定保税区的国际物流发展研究，但是对于整个保税区的国际物流业发展的研究尚处于空白状态，而发展国际物流产业，对保税区实现成功转型，以及对促进区域经济的可持续性发展都具有非常重要的现实意义。 3 保税区物流的相关理论 3.1区域经济增长理论
区域经济是国民经济的重要组成部分，区域经济的发展在国民经济中占有十分重要的地位。在国民经济发展过程中，按照一定的地域进行分工与合作，组织系统内区域的产业发展与布局，使一国或一个地区内形成聚集与分散相结合的态势，既能最大限度地发挥各区域的地区优势，又能建立起分工协作的区域经济体系。保税区正是区域经济的一个具体范例，它在连接国内国外两个市场，促进我国经济适应全球化潮流等方面，正发挥着重要的作用。区域经济增长理论是来源于发展经济学的一些理论，如部门发展理论、发展阶段理论、增长极理论等。其中增长极理论自费朗索瓦.佩鲁 50 年代首次提出后，在许多国家区域发展规划与政策制订中获得了明显效果，一直引起经济学界和地理学界的广泛关注。 3.2 增长极理论
增长极理论是由法国经济学家费朗索瓦·佩鲁在 20 世纪 50 年代提出的。增长极理论的形成与发展，与一般经济学理论、区位论的发展紧密相关，起初增长极理论的基础与分析方法，大都脱胎于一般经济学。之后随着区域经济学、区域科学和地理学的兴起，以及许多新技术分析方法的应用，加之政府区域政策的有力推动，使增长极理论的内涵和外延不断扩大，日益成为较为完善的区域非平衡发展理论。增长极理论的实质就是强调区域经济的不平衡发展，把有限的稀缺资源集中投入到发展潜力大、规模经济和投资效益明显的少数部门或
区位，使增长点的经济实力强化，同周围区域经济形成一个势差，通过市场经济机制中的传导媒介力量引导整个区域经济发展。增长极理论对我国保税区的发展具有重要的理论指导意义。
3.3 区域优势的理论分析
一个国家可以划分为若干地区，地区之间在自然、经济、社会条件等方面往往存在着各种差异。对区域之间的差异进行比较分析，可以发现不同地区所具有的优势，这些优势是形成区域分工和贸易结构的基础，也是影响区域经济发展的重要因素。区域之间的差异是形成区域优势的基础，但是并非任何差异都能形成优、劣势。差异本身只是表明被比较对象之间的异质性，而不反映对象之间的优劣问题，只有在特定的条件下针对特定的目标，区域差异才能演变为区域之间的优劣势。区域优势是一个动态的概念，它不仅是相对于一定的对象和目标而言，同时也受一定的环境条件制约。当区域所处的环境发生变化时，区域间的有劣势也相应发生变化。而从长远的趋势来看，区域差异的发展逐步在走向区际趋同。 4 保税区国际物流的特点分析
保税区国际物流系统与一般的物流系统没有本质区别, 都是以追求降低运营成本、提高运作效率与反应速度为目的。它主要有以下几个特点:
（1）物流要素扩大化。一般的物流要素包括仓储、运输、配送、信息服务等。保税区国际物流除了一般的物流要素外还包括口岸、保税、加工、退税、海关、监管共7个要素。两者紧密结合形成了完整的保税区国际物流体系。
（2）通关流程不同。一般贸易货物通关流程是申报、查验、征税、放行。保税的通关流程是合同备案、进口货物、复运出口、核销结案。它是从进口、存储或加工到复运出口的线性管理过程。
（3）二律背反性。保税区国际物流是在海关的监管下进行的物流运作, 这是它不同于其它物流的本质所在。海关为了达到监管的效力, 严格的流程、复杂的手续、较高的抽查率必不可少, 但这与现代物流便捷、高效率、低成本的运作要求相背。因而海关监管的严格性与物流运作的效率性存在“二律背反”, 使得保税区国际物流在实际运作中难度提高。
国际物流发展存在着许多重大壁垒。对此，美国物流专家鲍尔索克斯(Donald Bowers ox)和克劳斯(David. J. Closes) 在他们的《物流管理—一体化供应链过程》一书作了系统归纳。一般说来，国际物流主要面对三大壁垒:市场和竞争、金融壁垒和配送渠道。
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