例：Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
3)each型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:
句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing 形式。
注意点：独立主格并不包括―with + n. + 定语从句‖和―n. + 定语从句‖的形式，这个形式做的是非限定性修饰前面名词的定语，因为这个形式就相当于n, with + n.，或者是n., n. + that概括性同位语。
2. 同位语与独立主格最主要的区别在于：同位语描述的是事物的具体内容、特征，是一种解释；独立主格则是表示一种伴随状态，描述与所描述分句同步发生的事情。
【独立主格范例】
Usually (but not always, as we shall see), an absolute phrase (also called a nominative absolute) is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any related modifiers. Absolute phrases do not directly connect to or modify any specific word in the rest of the sentence; instead, they modify the entire sentence, adding information. They are always treated as parenthetical elements and are set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or a pair of commas (sometimes by a dash or pair of dashes). Notice that absolute phrases contain a subject (which is often modified by a participle), but not a true finite verb.
? Their reputation as winners secured by victory, the New York Liberty
charged into the semifinals. (charge into 猛攻入)
? The season nearly finished, Rebecca Lobo and Sophie Witherspoon emerged
as true leaders.
? The two superstars signed autographs into the night, their faces beaming
happily. When the participle of an absolute phrase is a form of to be, such as being or having been, the participle is often left out but understood. ? The season [being] over, they were mobbed by fans in Times Square.
? [Having been] Stars all their adult lives, they seemed used to the
attention. Another kind of absolute phrase is found after a modified noun; it adds a focusing detail or point of focus to the idea of the main clause. This kind of absolute phrase can take the form of a prepositional phrase, an adjective phrase, or a noun phrase.
? The old firefighter stood over the smoking ruins, his senses alert to any sign
of another flare-up.
? His subordinates, their faces sweat-streaked and smudged with ash,
leaned heavily against the firetruck.
? They knew all too well how all their hard work could be undone — in an
instant. It is not unusual for the information supplied in the absolute phrase to be the most important element in the sentence. In fact, in descriptive prose, the telling details will often be wrapped into a sentence in the form of an absolute phrase:
? Coach Nykesha strolled onto the court, her arms akimbo and a large silver
whistle clenched between her teeth.
? The new recruits stood in one corner of the gym, their uniforms stiff and ill
fitting, their faces betraying their anxiety. A noun phrase can also exist as an absolute phrase: (GMAT中暂未出现此现象) ? Your best friends, where are they now, when you need them?
? And then there was my best friend Sally — the dear girl — who has certainly
fallen on hard times.
It might be useful to review the material on Misplaced Modifiers because it is important not to confuse an absolute phrase with a misplaced modifier.
定语从句 用法全解
? 普通的非限定性定语从句要用which引导(个别非限定性定语从句依然用that引导，但不
在GMAT考核范围之内)，而限定性定语从句要用that引导。
? 如果关系代词that在定语从句中做宾语成分,那么这个that一般都要省略。
3.定语从句与分词短语作定语的区别：
? 定语从句强调具体时间具体动作,以及动作的一次性;分词短语强调笼统不确定的
时间，抽象/客观/重复性/多次性的行为
? 都可以接受时,分词短语优于定语从句(更简洁),定语从句要转换为分词短语(但不
能引起歧义或破坏平行)
? 定语从句包含情态动词时不能转化为分词短语
? ing分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转化为定语从句n.+ having done
—》n. that…
4.关于定语从句的关系代词能否跨越谓语动词指代：如果关系代词与先行词相隔较短，关系代词能跨越谓语动词指代
5.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
一，限制性定语从句：
限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where等，没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开，表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。
例句：
Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting? Where is the book which I bought this morning?
二，非限制性定语从句：
1) 作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释，和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开，用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that做修饰词。 ? 例句：
? This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.
? Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well. ? The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.
? 定语从句谓语的平行，不需要补出that，相当于共享了句子成分，如在本句中共享了主
语；不似宾语从句两个名词性从句的平行需要补出从句引导词，如that/whether等。
6，定语从句的先行词
? who, whom只能指人，不可指物（如language，要用which指代）；which只能指物，
不可指人
? 传统语法规定that不能用于指人，而只能用that指思想观点、动物或不具有生命的物体
(植物属于不具有生命的物体)，要用whose, whose可以指人也可以指物(prep1-192) ? OG11-130里面说that不能指代人，只能用who来指代。(虽然现代英语用法中that可以
用于不同情形)
7，定语从句中谓语的平行，不需要补出that.相当于共享了句子成分。
而宾语从句中两个名词性从句需要补出从句引导词，如 that/whether等。
嵌入式关系分句
“有一种关系分句（即定语从句），它既是先行项的后置修饰语（即定语），同时又是另外一个分句结构的宾语（即宾语从句）”此分句结构就被嵌入在定语从句中，即嵌入式关系分句。
该书举例：In his breast-pocket he had a patch of scarlet, which i suppose was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief. 注意两点：
1）从句which was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 首先是 patch of scarlet的定
语从句。
2）从句which（patch of scarlet） was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 也是i suppose 的宾语从句，即I suppose （that）the patch of scarlet was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 。
综上所述，当一个定语从句同时是另一个主谓结构的宾语从句是，就可以写为嵌入式关系分句。
Support 固定搭配
support作为n.时的固定搭配：
(have/receive/win) support of/from someone 来自某人的支持 support for something/someone 支持某事/某人 in support of something 支持某事
Unqualified V.S. Unqualifying
unqualifying与unqualified (from manhattan)
unqualifying 释义: not meeting some sort of standard for qualification
unqualified 释义: without any sort of restriction or reservation
Not only…….but also……. 用法全解
首先Not only…..but (also)表示的关系是递进, 其中also可以省略
But/but also表示的是转折. 在but also中, ring_cheng认为also不属于重复, 所以应当
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