Unit 10
Treatment facilities 处理设备 Per capita per day 每人每天
Municipality 市政当局 ，自治市 Population equivalent 人口当量 Basement flooding 地下室浸水 Runoff 排水
Domestic sewage 生活污水 Type of terrain 地形种类
Unit 12
Land disposal 掩埋处置 Fecal coliform 粪大肠菌群
Stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求
Assimilation capacity 同化能力
Practical outlets 可行的排出土途径，现实出路 Aquatic life 水生生物
Detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的 Endogenous phase 内源（生长)期
primary air pollutant一次大气污染物 secondary air pollutant二次大气污染物 monoxide一氧化物 dioxide二氧化物
trioxide三氧化物
carbon monoxide一氧化碳 carbon dioxide二氧化碳 sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 sulfur trioxide三氧化硫 nitrous oxide一氧化二氮
nitric oxide一氧化氮
contaminant污染物 strength强度 foreign matter杂质 domestic sewage生活污水 municipal wastewater城市废水 microbe微生物 microorganism微生物 bacteria细菌 total solids总固体
inorganic constituents无机要素 suspended solids (SS)固体悬浮物
contamination污染 recontamination再污染 groundwater地下水 surface water地表水 restriction限制 colloid胶体
pollution污染 acid rain酸雨 interaction of systems系统的交互作用 environmental problem环境问题 environmental disturbance环境破坏 biotic habitat生物环境 sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 nitrogen oxide氧化氮 carbon dioxide二氧化碳 automobile exhaust汽车尾气 infectious diseases有传染性的疾病 waterborne diseases水传染的疾病 agrarian society农业社会 industrial society工业社会 industrial revolution产业革命 urbanization城市化 industrialization工业化 developed country发达国家 developing country发展中国家 undeveloped country落后国家
nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮 carbon oxides碳氮化物 sulfur oxides硫氧化物 nitrogen oxides氮氧化物
hydrocarbons碳氢化合物
photochemical oxidants光化学氧化物 particulates颗粒物
inorganic compound无机化合物 organic compound有机化合物 radioactive substance放射性物质
heat热 noise噪声
volatile suspended solids (VSS)挥发性悬浮固体颗粒 organic matter有机物质
total organic carbon, TOC 总有机碳 chemical oxygen demand, COD化学需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand, BOD生化需氧量 biodegradable可微生物分解的
screening隔栅 coagulation凝聚 flocculation絮凝 sedimentation沉淀 filtration过滤 disinfection消毒
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chlorination氯化消毒 prechlorination预加氯 adsorption吸附 reverse osmosis反渗透 ozonation臭氧消毒 aeration曝气
desalination脱盐处理
softening软化 activated carbon活性炭 microbial degradation微生物降解 pretreatment process 预处理工艺 biological degradation生化降解 primary clarifier初沉池 biofilm process生物膜法
equalization basin均质池
activated sludge process活性污泥法 biological treatment process生物处理工艺 attached-growth吸着生长 aeration basin曝气池 suspended-growth悬浮生长 secondary clarifier二沉池 shock loading冲击负荷
biomass生物质
organic loading有机负荷
heterotrophic bacteria异养菌 mixed liquor suspended solids混合液悬浮固体 autotrophic bacteria自养菌
metabolize使代谢化 hydraulic retention time (HRT) 水力停留时间 metabolism新陈代谢 sludge residence time (SRT) 污泥停留时间dissolved oxygen 溶解氧 solid waste固体废物 agricultural农业的 commercial商业的 flammable可燃的 municipal城市化 hazardous危险的 putrescible易腐烂的 explosive易爆的 industrial工业的
residential住宅的
combustible易燃的
radioactive放射性的
汽车尾气automobile exhaust
Landfilling土地填埋 incineration: 焚烧 composting: 堆肥 compaction: 压实，紧凑 sanitary landfill卫生填埋 balance剩下的，余额，结余 batch-fed分批投料 refuse垃圾
municipal waste城市垃圾 perform: 执行 shut down: 关闭 energy recovery能量回收
incomplete combustion不完全燃烧 combustion燃烧 volume reduction体积缩小 anaerobic厌氧硝化 中英互译短语
Biological degradation生化降解 equalization basin调节池 aeration basin曝气池 sludge blocs污泥絮体 settling tank沉淀池 dissolved oxygen溶解氧 suspended-growth悬浮生长 pulverized refuse垃圾破碎 biofilm生物膜
well-compacted landfill压实填埋场 nutrient source营养源 mass-burning大量燃烧
fluidized fed incarceration硫化床燃烧法 soil conditioners土壤改良剂
温室效应greenhouse effect 由CO2引起的caust by CO2 世界碳预算the world carbon budget 天气自然波动natural fluctuations 全球变暖global warming 厌氧的anaerobic 腐烂Putrefied 甲烷methane 臭氧层ozone layer 气候模型climatic model 正常浓度：normal concentration 严重污染物：heavily polluted 决定因素：determining factor 光化学氧化物：photochemical oxidants 液体微滴：liquid particulates 含硫的：sulfur-containing 放射性物质：radioactiue substance 汽车尾气：automobile exhaust wet oxidation湿式氧化
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1、 Environment is the physical and biotic habitat
which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste. 环境是我们周围的物理和生物环境，我们可以看到、听到、接触到、闻到和品尝到的。
2、 Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms污染可以定义为大气、水或者土壤在物理、化学或者生物方面的特征所产生的不愉快的变化，它对人类的健康、生存和活动或者其他的有机体都产生了有害的影响。
3、 Two examples of interaction between systems
that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature目前大气中二氧化碳的增多，是一个全球性的问题，还有酸雨问题，一般来说它都具有一定的区域特性，这就是两个关于系统之间的相互联系而产生重大环境问题的例子。
4、 With these improvements, however, have come
disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.
经过这些进步，尽管还是有一些破坏性的影响，例如耕地、森林的消失，环境的污染和新的生物反抗的控制 5、 Both
phenomena,
urbanization
and
industrialization, were and are fundamental causes of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.城市化和工业化两者的现象，是过去和现在水污染和大气污染的根本原因，在过去这些城市是处理不了的
6、 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment
of water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades.在接下来的几十年理发达国家，在水治理和部分废水治理技术方面都取得了快速的进展。
1、 What Is Air Pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more
chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants .A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components. Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation. The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup什么是大气污染？大气污染一般定义为含有一种或多种浓度足够高得而且对人类、其他动物、植物或者物质产生有害影响的物质，有两种主要类型的大气污染，一次大气污染是一种化学物质直接排放到大气中并达到一定的有害浓度，他可以是空气仲的自然组分，例如二氧化碳，当它的浓度升高到超过它的正常值时，或者一些平常在大气中找不到的组分，例如汽车燃烧含铅汽油而导致大气中散发出一些化合物。二次大气污染物是指在大气中通入现有组分间发生的化学反应而产生的一种有害化学物质。严重的大气污染通常是在静风条件下经过一段时间后结果一个城市或其他地区的大气中有高浓度的污染物。一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥的地理位置，使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和污积物的增加的影响。
1、 The most severe consequence of CO2 induced
global warming would be melting of the polar ice caps and he subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains. 二氧化碳导致全球变暖最严重的后果将会是两极冰块的融化和海平面的上升以及沿海地区洪水的泛滥。
2、 Although global warming from the already
elevate levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most climatic models, such a warming has not been empirically observed.虽然全球气候变暖已经是通过大气仲CO2的浓度升高而被许多气候模型而预测得到，如此的一种变暖还没有以经验为主地观察
3、 Although they indicate trends in average
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surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately
coincide
with
increased
industrialization and pollution虽然他们指出表面温度和气候的平均趋势，但是他们不幸地与工业化增加和污染相一致
4、 High biomass systems: Many current approaches
to high biomass system employ a combination of fixed film suspended biomass in the process. High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in Europe. During the past few years,
a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany have been reported. Among the advantages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrification performance,
sludge
settleability,
and
effluent quality.高生物质系统：现在很多应用在高生物质系统的方法是生物质固定膜上的组合工艺法。高生物质系统在欧洲得到了广泛的普及，在过去的几年里，由德国联邦政府着手的大量调查研究都被报道，在这样的优势归因于系统已经改善了硝化性能，污泥的沉降性和出水水质
5、 Reasons for selecting high biomass systems over
construction of additional aeration tanks and clarifiers(or other secondary treatment process) include reduced space requirements, increased
process
stability,
and
capital/operating cost savings.选择高生物质系统的原因是在传统的曝气池和澄清池或者其他二次处理工艺的构筑物中都有减少空间的需要，增加工艺的稳定性能和节省操作费用
1、 饮食废物的重要特点在于它具有易腐烂性，尤其在
温暖天气里，会极快地腐烂。The important
characteristics of food discard lieses in its hasing easily putrefied, will be very quickly putrefied particularly in warm weather。 2、 除了在家庭产生饮食废物外，在自助食堂、饭馆、
医院和监狱等机构，以及诸如批发、零售等食品市场，均会产生大量的饮食废物。In addition to producing a food discard at family, in the self-help dining room, restaurant, hospital and etc. organization in jail, and food market such as wholesale, retail price, all will produce a great deal of food discard.
1.System，according to webster’s dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation
system，supply system，the world or universe”. 系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如，
太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙” 。 2.Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms. 污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性
的 不应该有的变化。
3. A number of different environmental problems are associated with water, air, or land systems. 许多不同的环境问题都涉及到水，空气，或土壤。
Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems, justifying the breakdown into these categories.许多这些问题只适用于在其中一个系统，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。
Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.这种分类也有助于更容易理解一个系统里的相关问题。
4. Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.很遗憾的是，许多重要的环境问题不只局限于一个空气，水，或土壤系统，更涉及系统之间的相互作用。
A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations, smelters, and automobile exhausts。目前的一个例子是酸雨问题，根源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和氮氧化物气体。
5. With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.然而,随着(科学技术的)发展,产生了不良的副作用,比如,可耕地丢失,森林消失,环境污染,微生物滋长.
6. The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout Europe.古代的城市的市政技术似乎已经被那些在整个欧洲建设城市的人遗忘了许多个世纪。 Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water
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