the grass Inanimate things to refer to people e.g. a new broom flat tire the salt of the earth Things to refer to something else, e.g. bed of dust a wet blanket black bottle Actions, state to refer to abstract ideas or other actions, state, etc. e.g. sit on the fence cut the ground from under sb. fall from grace (3) Metonymy : idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. (4) Synecdoche: substituting part for the whole e.g. fall into good hands earn one’s bread (5)
Personification e.g. The pot calls the cattle back (6) Euphemism 9.3.3 Variations of Idioms 1) Replacement 2) Addition or deletion 3) Position-shifting 4) Shortening 5) Dismembering 195.问题：classification of idioms可分为哪几类？答案：Idioms may be classified into five groups : 1) Idioms Nominal in Natural 2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature 3) Idioms Verbal in Nature 4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature 5) Sentence Idioms
196.问题：Sentence idioms 如何分类: ( 选择或填空还未考过)答案： They embrace declarative,
interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences.In terms of complexity Sentence Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences. 注意：习语中的特例有可能是填空内容: (Exception1) This class contains numerous prepositional phrases, which in nature are either adjectival or adverbial and in many cases have both functions at the same time. (Exception2 )Sentence Idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases, including colloquialisms and catchphrases. (Exception3)In terms of complexity Sentence Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences. (Exception4) forms and functions of idioms are not necessarily identical.
197. 问题：What are the rhetorical features of idioms?答案：1)Phonetic manipulation (1) Alliteration (2) Rhyme 2) Lexical manipulation (1) Reiteration (2) Repetition (3) Juxtaposition 198.问题：Figures of speech ( 大的修饰格6个, 小的修饰格4个)答案： 1) Simile 2) Metaphor 3) Metonymy 4) Synecdoche5) Personification 6) Euphemism (1) humourous (2) ironic and sardonic in tones (3) derogatory (4) hyperbole
199.重点简答题: Metonymy 和Synecdoche , 这两种修饰有何区别? ( 未考过)答案：Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely associated with it and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa. 习语的分析：(挑出习语加以分析，它是哪一个类型, 然后加以解释) e.g. He goes to the service , rain or shine.答：In this sentence, rain or shine, is an idiom. rain or shine is composed in Juxtaposition. It is Idiom adverbial in nature改写后：He goes to the service, no matter what the weather looks like , no matter what and no matter what kind of difficulties.
200.第十章 English Dictionaries 词典这一部分在填空或选择时出现的可能是最大的1) 词典的种类2)每一种词典的特殊性也是考试的要点：比如：CCELD它的最大特殊性是它的extra column3) 每一种词典的vocabulary stock 也是考试的要点：
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