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56. reverie: dreamy thinking, esp. of agreeable things, that state of being absorbed in dreamlike contemplation, daydreaming
He loved to indulge in reveries about his future.
He was awakened from his reverie by the teacher's question. She sat at the window, deep in reverie.
He was sunk in reverie and did not hear me.
When one is preoccupied with sth., he has preoccupations. And he is always oblivious of the things around. He is in deep reverie.
57. heinous: (lit) (of wicked people or acts) very shameful, very bad, hatefully and shockingly evil, abominable, outrageous, so openly and shamelessly bad or so conspicuous that it excited hatred or horror
Treason has always been regarded as a heinous crime. 58. confess: admit
Confession: a religious service at which a person tells his faults to a priest
Confess usu. applies to what one feels to be wrong. If you confess sth. or confess to sth., You admit that you have done sth. that you feel ashamed of, or embarrassed about. But admit stresses reluctance, or unwillingness.
In usage, these two words are almost the same, both can be followed by a clause, a noun, a gerund (with or without a ―to‖) or a complex object. Usage:
to confess / admit that...
to confess / admit one's sins / error / crime to confess / admit hating sb. / the weakness to admit to stealing / the murder / to confess oneself to be guilty
to confess / admit oneself to be beaten
But confess is often followed by a ―to‖: He confesses to having done it.
She confessed readily to what she described as an ignorance of modern science.
59. cataclysm: a violent and sudden change or event, esp. a serious flood or earth quake or a war, disaster
60. trace: a visible mark or sign of the former presence of a thing or event, a mark or sign showing the former presence or passing of some person, vehicle, or event.
61. preserve: (fml or lit) to keep from destruction, to protect. The word stresses the idea of resistance to destructive agencies and hence implies the use of means to keep sth. in existence Old records are preserved by protecting them from light and moisture.
62. erect: (fml) to build or establish (a solid thing which was not there before, construct, set up Erect basically means to set upright, while Build strictly implies a fitting together of parts and materials to form sth. which may be large or small to erect a flagpole
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Many factories erected during that period.
63. impact: collision, an impinging or striking esp. of one body against another, the action of one object hitting another, with great force, the force of impression of one thing on another, an impelling or compelling effect
The car hit the stone wall with great impact.
a target constructed to resist the impact of a bullet
We see the impact of modern science on our society everywhere. The book made a great impact on its readers.
the concrete embankment built to resist the impact of floods
Notice: This word is normally used as uncountable noun but sometimes can have an indefinite article but never plural form.
64. demolish: pull down or tear down, to destroy
65. somehow: in some way not yet know or stated, by some means, for some reason that is not clear
66. belly: (infml) 'abdomen, stomach, paunch are synonyms when naming the front part of the human trunk below the chest
67. spare: to keep from harming, punishing or attacking Take my money but spare my life.
They prayed that Allah might spare the village from starvation.
68. feel sick: vomit, upset in the stomach so as to want to throw up what is in it. 69. or else: or if not, or otherwise. This expression is basically used as a threat He must pay 0 or else go to jail. Do what I tell you or else! 70. commit:
a. to do, to perform sth. bad, wrong or unlawful to commit an error / many horrible crimes
b. to order sb. to be placed under the control of another or in a mental hospital
71. humiliate: to cause to feel humble or to lose the respect of others, to hurt the pride or dignity of
He humiliated her beyond endurance.
72. encounter: to meet or be faced by sth. bad, esp. a danger or a difficulty. n. sudden or unexpected, esp. hostile meeting with What if we should encounter a bear? 73. . on the part of: by, of
It will arouse deep suspicions on the part of our allies. I apologize for any mistake on my part.
74. scare; a mark remaining on the skin or an organ from a wound, cut, etc.
76. victim: a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, destruction, etc. as a result of other people's actions, of illness, bad luck, etc.
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77. genetic damage: a damage, harm, illness which have been passed on / inherited and will be passed on from generation to generation
78. earthly: of this world as opposed to heaven; material worldly as opposed to spiritual
earthly care: daily life and worries, cares on the earth which is in contrast with that in heaven, in death.
Unit 3: Ships in the Desert by Al Gore
I . Additional Background Knowledge 1. Al Gore the author 2. Clean Air Act
3. The Aral Sea
II . Introduction to the Passage
1. Type of literature: a piece of exposition 2. The purpose of a piece of exposition: --- to inform or explain
3. Ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition:
--- comparison, contrast, analogy, identification, illustration, analysis, definition, etc.
4. The central thought or thesis III . Effective Writing Skills
1. making effective use of specific verbs
2. discussing the solution to environmental problems from a politician’s point of view, that is, relating the solution to environmental destruction to the solution to arm races IV . Rhetorical Devices 1. understatement 2. metaphor
V . Special Difficulties
1. analyzing the structure of some long and complicated sentences
2. understanding the scientific matters connected with ecological environment 3. translating long and complicated sentences 4. mastering the rules of word formation VI . Questions
1. How has human civilization now become the dominant cause of change in the global environment?
2. What changes in the global environment present a strategic threat to human civilization? How
should we face this challenge and solve the problem?
3.What solutions does the writer put forward to our ecological problems? Detailed Teaching Notes:
I. Background knowledge
1. About the author:
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Al Gore was born in 1948 in Washington D.C., U.S. He has been a Senator (1984-1992)
representing the State of Tennessee, and U.S. Vice-President (1992-2000) under President Bill Clinton. He ran for the Presidency against George W. Bush jr. but the latter won the closely tied election and has become the 43rd American President. The text is taken from Al Gore’s bookEarth in the Balance. 2. The Aral Sea:
The Aral Sea, located in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan (both countries were part of the former Soviet Union), is historically a saline lake. It is in the centre of a large, flat desert basin. The Aral Sea is a prime example of a dynamic environment. In 1960 it was the world’s fourth largest lake, the size of the entirety of Southern California (at 26,250 square miles, approximately two hundred times larger than the Salton Sea). 3. America’s Great Lakes:
America’s Great Lakes refer to the group of five freshwater lakes, central North America, between the United States and Canada, largest body of fresh water in the world. From west to east, they are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. HOMES can help remember the names of the five lakes. H stands for Huron, O for Ontario, M for Michigan, E for Erie and S for Superior. 4. Lake Superior:
Lake Superior is one of the cleanest lakes in the world because of its temperature, size, and the lack of people living around it. Lake Superior, with a surface area of 31,700 square miles, is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. This one body of water contains 10% of all the freshwater in all the lakes and rivers in the world. The amount of time needed for the water in Lake Superior to be completely replaced is 191 years. The lake is known for its cold
temperatures. Almost all of Lake Superior’s water stays at 39 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius) all year. Lake Superior is often referred to as ―crystal clear,‖ with visibility of 50 feet or more.
5. Antarctica:
Antarctica is icy cold. Transantarctic Mountains divide it into the East Antarctic and West Antarctic subcontinents. China has set up two scientific research stations there: Zhongshan Station in the East and Great Wall in the West.
6. Clean Air Act: American Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1970, which is one of the oldest
environmental laws of the U.S. as well as the most far-reaching, the costliest, and the most controversial.
II. Rhetorical devices:
1. understatement: the prospects of a good catch looked bleak 2. alliteration: fast pasture for fast-food beef 3. metaphor: cloak, ghosts 4. rhetorical question:
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