The UK
Unit 1
national flag：The Union Flag OR popularly known as the Union Jack national anthem（国歌）：GOD SAVE THE QUEEN national capital of the country ： London：
Greater London大伦敦都市区: the City of London + 32 boroughs[?b?r?]（自治的市镇）
The City of London伦敦城 : at the center of the metropolitan-the financial center of the country
Inner London: the City of London + its 12 boroughs
Outer London: 20 boroughs [?b?r?]（自治的市镇）surrounding Inner London
2. The location and size of the country （了解）
3. The terrain [t??re?n]（地形）, rivers and mountains of the country Roughly two kinds of terrain---highland and lowland.
The highland area --- in the northern part of the country, comprising the mountainous regions of Scotland, Northern Ireland, northern England and north Wales. The lowland area --- especially in the Midland, southern and eastern England. The longest river in the UK is River Severn（塞文河）.
Among the most important rivers is the Thames（泰晤士河）, which is second longest but is the deepest river in the county.
Ben Nevis（本·尼维斯）is the highest peak of the UK.
（大不列颠境内的最高山峰， 海拔1，343.8米， 位于苏格兰西部的格兰扁山脉) Lough Neagh (396km2)(內伊湖): the largest lake in the whole country
4. The natural resources of the country Coal 煤
?Britain has a rich deposit of coal with major coal mines in central and southwest of England. ?For the last decades, there has been a steady decline in both coal production and number of coal mines.
Petroleum [p??tr?uli?m] 石油
1.The official name：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Since 1927)
?1965 saw discovery of big oil and oil fields under the North Sea, east of Britain.
5. The climate of the country
Temperate maritime climate（温带海洋性气候）
What are the characteristics of the climate in Great Britain? Foggy Rainy
Uncertain and changeable 6. Major cities London ;
Edinburgh [?edn?b?:r?] 爱丁堡 ;
Cardiff [?kɑ:d?f] 加地夫（威尔士的主要海港）; Belfast [?bel?f?st] 贝尔法斯特（北爱尔兰首府）;
Birmingham ['b?:m???h?m] 伯明翰市（英国中部城市，第二大城市） Manchester: the Guardian（卫报）
Glasgow：[?ɡlɑ:sɡ?u] 格拉斯哥（苏格兰最大城市，第三大城市）
7. Population Density and Population Distribution
? Population density: 248 persons per square kilometer. The Population of the UK is the 3rd largest in Europe. ? Population distribution: high urbanization (7 conurbations)
7 conurbations：Greater London大伦敦区, W. Midlands西密德兰都市郡, South Yorkshire南约克都市郡, W. Yorkshire西约克郡都市郡, Greater Manchester大曼切斯特都市郡, Merseyside默西赛德都市郡(England), Tyne& Wear泰恩及威尔都市郡(Scotland) （了解）
8. Nations and the Languages Spoken 1) Nations: English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish
English (80%): descendants [d?'send?nts] 后裔 of Anglo-Saxons Welsh, Irish & Scottish:：descendants of Celts 2）Languages ：A) English (official language):
B) Gaelic [?g?l?k] 盖尔语: Scotland & Northern Ireland C) Welsh [wel?] 威尔士语: Wales [we?lz]
3) The history and development of the English language (p.7)
?Old English (450AD-1100 AD) influenced by Old Norse (古斯堪的纳维亚语) spoken by Vikings (北欧海盗) and was closely related to the German and Dutch (荷兰) languages. The introduction of Christianity added the first wave of Latin and Greek words to the language and ended with the Norman Conquest.
?Middle English (1100AD-1500AD) French replaced English as the official language in England. Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary and ended with the Black Death (黑死病).
?Modern English (1500AD- present) Assimilating(吸收) words from Latin and Greek words throughout the Renaissance (文艺复兴) such as William Shakespeare and the King James Bible. ?Standard English= the Queen’s English= BBC English ?Explanation of Standard English
Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England. It is preferred by the educated and
it is widely used in media and taught at schools. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. It is also the norm（标准）
carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.
9. Religion
? 1. Britain is a multi-faith society in which everyone has the right to religious freedom. ? 2. Christianity is the dominant religion of the country. Most of citizens are either
Protestant ['pr?t?st?nt]新教徒or Catholic. ? 3. English nation: The church of England（英格兰圣公会）is the established church of the
English nation.
? 4. The major non-Christian communities in Britain are the Jews, the Moslems and the
Buddhists.
10. Character and manners of British people
? Conservatism
? Talking about the Weather ? Punctuality
11. Traditions and custom
? Trooping the Color英国皇家军队阅兵仪式 around the Bucking Place in London（P.62） to celebrate the Queen’s Birthday Parade. (The Changing Guard ceremony) ? Religious Festivals
Christmas ( Three Christmas Traditions )
?Christmas pantomime [?p?nt?ma?m] (童话剧) ?Queen's Christmas message ?Boxing Day（节礼日） Easter纪念耶稣复活 Halloween
12. Media Newspaper
Traditionally British newspapers have been divided into \serious-minded newspapers (usually referred to as \宽幅印刷品\because of their large size) and the more populist ['p?pj?l?st] 平民化, \
Quality Press: The Times（泰晤士报）, The Guardian（卫报）, The Daily Telegraph（每日电讯报） Tabloid [?t?bl??d] 通俗小报: The Sun on Sunday
Television and Broadcast
BBC（the British Broadcasting Corporation）, ITV(Independent Television) 英国独立电视台, BSkyB（the British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC）英国天空广播集团 TV programs done well by the BBC (P.60)
Unit 4. British Economy
1. The Relative Decline of British Economy (Why?)
?1) The country suffered a great loss in the two World Wars. ?2) The era[???r?]时代 of the British Empire was over.
?3) Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence. ?4) Britain failed to invest in industry after WWII.
? However, the decline is not an absolute one. The UK is not poorer than before. In fact, it is
wealthier and more productive than before. The only thing is that other countries develop faster than the UK. So, the UK has experienced a relative decline.
2. Recent History of British Economy
? 1970 - high Inflation rate, strikes
? 1979 - Reformation Program（改革方案）by Thatcher government →去国有化 privatization [?pra?v?ta?'ze??n] ? What was the content of the program? Thatcherism [?θ?t??(r)z?m] 撒切尔主义：Throughout the 1980s an extensive program of privatization was carried out.---Denationalization [?di:?n??n?la?'ze??n] 非国有化 ①Government expenditure [?k?spend?t??(r)] 花费 was reduced； ②Taxation reformed；
③Foreign exchange controls lifted外汇管制解除 ④Rules governing banks loosened； ⑤Worker strikes restricted.
? What was the long-term results?
①Inflation(通货膨胀) has been controlled ②Unemployment rate falling
③Encouraged by low interest rates, investment has increased. It is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment --- it is the second biggest international investor in the world.
? Policies of Blair Government & Results （P.45） Policies: ①Blair made the Bank of England independent.
②In social policy, the Blair government changed the old Labor Party’s practice of using tax system, public expenditure[?k?spend?t??(r)] 花费 and price controls to reduce inequality and put an emphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes. It also emphasized individual responsibility. Results:①limit government spending ②keep inflation under control ③reduce unemployment
By the end of the 20th century, British economic growth surpassed that of other major European countries.
3. The Current British Economy
? 1) Primary Industries ? Agriculture
A. Features: small population, high mechanization[?mek?na?'ze??n]机械化and high efficiency; but can not satisfy its domestic needs
B. Chief agricultural products：wheat（小麦）,barley [?bɑ:li]大麦,sugar beet(甜菜) and
potatoes
? Energy production (5% of national wealth).
Main energy resources: coal (Rio Tinto Group力拓集团),
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