8. _______the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. having believed B. believing
C. believed D. Being believed
9. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it_______ in Cuba.
A. being cultivated B. having cultivated C. been cultivated D. cultivating 10. The Amazon rain forest, ________the earth’s lungs, converts carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen. A. functioning as B. which functioning as C. functions as D. functioned as 11. He opened his lips as if ______something.
A. saying B. having said C. to have said D. to say 12. Having eaten a hearty luncheon,________
A. the circumstances were considered seriously by the judge B. the judge was ready to seriously consider the circumstances A. the circumstances were seriously considered by the judge B. the judge was ready to consider the circumstances seriously 13. _________, we have to adopt new measures to solve the problem.
A. So is the situation B. that being the case D. that is the case D. the situation is so 14. the soldier was accused of _______ his country. A. betraying B. having betrayed
C. being betrayed D. having been betrayed 15. People complain that the costs of establishing an office are so much that only the rich can afford _____ for office. A. running B. to have run C. to run D. having run
warming up exercises
征服独立主格！
看看我会了多少：
1． After jumping out of the boat,_______.
A. the shark bites the man B. the shark bit the man C. the man was bitten by the shark D. the man is bitten by a shark
2. Steven walked in the room, books _____carefully in his arms. A. to be held B. held C. were held D. holding
3. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat______ by far the biggest cereal crop. A. is B. being C. has been D. to be
4. Mike was lying in bed, his hands________ under his head. A. were crossing B. were crossed C. crossing D. crossed
5. _____ the temperature failing so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.
A. With B. As C. For D.Since
什么叫独立主格？
英语中还有一种类似从句的结构，称其结构是因为它不含有谓语动词，只含有如不定式、-ing分词、-ed 分词、形容词、副词或介词短语。前部分的名词或代词相当于从句的主语， 后部分相当于从句中的谓语或表语。此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简单句。
我将学到什么？
1．独立主格的 基本作用 2．独立主格的 多种形式
3．独立主格的 特殊用法
常见基本结构:
1. 名词（代词）+V-ing/V-ed
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
The test finished, we began our holiday
The strike having been called off, the workers returned to the factory.
罢工停止了，工人们回到工厂。（独立结构）
2. 名词（代词）+形容词
She came into the room, her ears red with cold.
He hobbled into the room, hair long, dirty and unkempt, clothes stained and tattered, and toes sticking out of his shoes.
他跌跌撞撞地走进房间，头发又长又脏，乱蓬蓬的，衣服污迹斑斑，破破烂烂，脚指也露在了鞋子外面。 3. 名词（代词）+副词
He put on his socks wrong side out.
4. 名词（代词）+不定式
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
5. 名词（代词）+介词短语
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
【实用短语】:一部分已成为固定词组的常用独立结构：
God willing如果情况允许的话 weather permitting天气允许的话
other things being equal 如果其他情形都一样 this being the case情况既然如此
all things considered通盘考虑起来
带with的独立主格
with的复合结构作独立主格在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴
随等）和定语，作定语时紧随被修饰名词后。
1. with + 名词+介词短语:
The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
The boy rushed into the room with his schoolbag in his hand.
2. with + 名词 + adj .
With the door open, he left the classroom.
3．with + 名词 +adv.
With the gloves off, she felt cold.
With the lights on, the building looks beautiful. 4．with + 名词 +V -ing（主动）
With the guide leading us, we got to the village. He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
5．with + 名词 + V-ed（被动）
He stood there, with his hand raised. (= He stood there,
his hand raised.)
The boy was crying with the vase broken.
6．with + 名词 +不定式
With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for
it.
用法:
? 独立结构通常用来表示行为方式或伴随的情况： 【例句】
1. He sat in the front row, his mouth half open, his head thrust forward so as not to miss any word. 2. He groaned and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his nose. 3. He set out up the mountain with three young men, ropes tied to their backs.
4. I stood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the order. 5. He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.
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