Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979.(b)
(a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义,(b)句则没有。 (3)但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质,如:
My mother has been teaching English for twenty years.(a) My mother has taught English for twenty years.(b)
(a)句在此并无临时性质,但较口语化。(b)句则较为正式。又,(a)句表示动作现在仍在继续.并将延续下去,(b)句的动作是否延续下去,须由上下文决定,但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。
(4)现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复,现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如:
Have you been meeting her lately?(a) Have you met her lately?(b)
(a)句有“经常相会”之意,(b)句则没有。(b)句如与often,every day等时间状语连用,当然也表示动作在重复。
(5)现在完成进行时比较生动,有时含有明显的感情色彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果,平铺直叙,没有什么感情色彩可言。如: What have you been doing?(a) What have you done?(b)
(a)句表示惊异。(b)句只是一个问题。 Have you been waiting long?(a) Have you waited long?(b)
(a)句较(b)句生动。又,(a)句比较口语化。
I have been wanting to meet you for long.(a) I have long wanted to meet you.(b) (a)句比(b)句更亲切,更有礼貌。
? Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly.(a) Recently Mary has done her work regularly.(b) (a)句显然是在表扬玛丽。(b)只说明一个事实。 ? 下面还有一例,颇为有趣:
Who's been eating my apples?(a) Who's eaten my apples?(b)
(a)句有强烈的感情色彩,表示愤怒不满,(b)句只是希望回答的一个问题。又,(a)句兼有进行时态,所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思,(b)句是完成时态,说明“苹果一个不剩了”。
? (6)在否定结构中,现在完成时所否定的是谓语动词,现在完成进行时所否定的是状语。如:
He hasn't been speaking since three o'clock.(a) He hasn't spoken since three o'clock.(b)
(a)句中所否定的不是has been speaking,而是 since three o'clock,其结构等于 He has been speaking not since three o'clock but since half past three.这是因为现在完成进行时本身是没有否定结构的原故。(b)句用的是现在完成时,而现在完成时是有否定结构的,所以(b)句中所否定的自然是has spoken,意即“从三点起他一直沉默不语,未发一言”。
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点:?
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如:? the fern(蕨类), the wallflower? (2) 序数词之前必须用the,如:?
the first woman, the nineteenth century? 但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby?
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如:? the largest city, the most advanced technology? (4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如:? the development of the watch,?
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如:?
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun? 在下列情况下,一般不用the:?
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如:?
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月),? America(美?国)?
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the? the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江)? (2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如:?
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学)? (3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如:?
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from…? (4) 一些固定词组中,如:?
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in? bed?
乘车的词组:? by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车),? by bus (乘公共汽车),? by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air?
(通过航空)? on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船),? 打球的词组:?
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball?
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the)? chairman of the committee.?
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名? 词:?
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的)? little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of,?
the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。?
有些形容词本身就具有“比….年长”、“ 比…..优越”等含义,因此也就没有比较级和最高级。比如: inferior, superior, senior, anterior。这些形容词往往和? to连用????,而不和than连用。?
有些形容词本身就具备“最、极”的含义,所以就没有最高级和比较级。如:absolute(绝对的), unique(独一无二的), infinite(无限的), round(圆的),?right(对的), correct(正确的), wrong(错误的), perfect(完美的),这类形容词往往被称为绝对形容词?
对于most来讲,除了构成某些词最高级外,most的用法有几点需要注意,经常成为?
改错题的考点:?
1. 当most表示大多数时,之前不加the, 并且有两种形式来表示大多数,分别? 为:?
most + 名词,如:most people, most Indian tribes;?
most + of + 限定词 + 名词或代词,如:most of his paintings,most of us,??most of the modern artists?
2. most有时意思等同于very, 此时most之前用不定冠词,如:? a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal? 例题:?
(1)? The most substances expand in volume when they are heated.? 应改为:Most?
解释:most只有在表示形容词最高级作定语时需加定冠词,此句表示“大多数”,? 没必要加the.?
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the? nonme?tals? oxygen and silicon are more still abundant.? 应改为:still more?
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