专题七 非谓语动词详解

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专题七

非谓语动词

动词的非谓语有三种形式：不定式；动名词；分词

一．非谓语动词的句法功能

主语 宾语 不定式 动名词 分词 ? ? ? ? 宾补 ? ? 表语 ? ? ? 定语 ? ? ? 状语 ? ?

1. 不定式：

1) 不定式作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语

It is right to give up smoking. 2) 不定式作表语

My job is to teach students. 3) 不定式作宾语

He deserved to win because she was the best. I can’t afford to live in a five-star hotel.

下列动词后常接不定式作宾语： afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, choose, claim, continue, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, forget, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, think, threaten, undertake, venture, want, wish等 4) 不定式作宾补

My English teacher advised me to buy a better dictionary. He asked me to do the work with him.

常跟不定式作宾补的动词： advise, allow, ask, beg, compel, convince, command, recommend, enable, encourage, expect, force, hate, help, inspire, intend, invite, lead, instruct, notice, observe, order, permit, persuade, press, remind, request, teach, tell, urge, want, watch, warn, wish

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等

*注意：（1）下列动词在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾补（但在被动语态中要还原to）: “五看三使两听一感觉“

五看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe） 三使（make, let, have） 两听（hear, listen to） 一感觉 （feel）

例： I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.

（2）在下列结构的than之后常接不带to的不定式：

(would rather…than; rather than; do more than; do less than) 例：I would rather go than stay.

5) Hope, demand, suggest等后不能接动词不定式作宾补

I hope/demand/suggest you to come. (错) I hope that you can come. （正确） 6) 不定式作定语

a) 不定式作定语大都用于表示即将发生的动作 He’s finally made a decision to leave.

The farmers thought of ways to protect their corps.

b) 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代

词是不定式的地点、工具等，不定式后面要有相应的介词 The Jacks have a comfortable house to live in. (如果不定式修饰的名词是time, place, way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去)

He had no money and no place to live (in).

c) 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中

心词为主动关系

Jack is the best man to do this job.

Liuxiang was the first Asian athlete to win the gold medal of man’s 110m hurdle race in the Olympic Games.

d) 被修饰词是抽象名词时用不定式：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse,

promise, answer, belief, attempt, way, reason, moment, time等 Do you have the ability to read this English novel? I got no chance to go fishing. 7) 不定式作状语

a) 作目的状语

I came here to see you.

Jack had to shout to make himself heard above the sound of music. *注：（不定式本身有自己的主语时，可用“for…to”来表示） My father bought a book for me to read.

目的状语还可以用以下方法表达：

（in order to 可置于句首表示强调；so as to 通常不至于句首）

b) 作结果状语

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He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (表达令人意外的结果用only +to find/realize) He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. c) 作条件状语

To look at him, you would like him.

（某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、哀、乐，后跟不定式表示原因） I’m very glad to see you.

I should be happy to be of any service to you.

d) 作原因状语

We were very excited to hear the news.

e) 带有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度

He was too excited not to say a word. He is old enough to go to school.

8) 不定式作独立成分

常用的短语有：to be frank坦白地说；to be exact确切的说； To make a long story short 长话短说; needless to say 不用说 9) 不定时的时态

(一) 不定式的一般式 （to do; to be done）

1. 表示与谓语动词同时（或几乎同时发生） I saw him go out.

2. 表示在谓语动词之后发生

I plan to attend the meeting tomorrow. (二) 不定式进行时 （to be doing）

1. 表示谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行 He pretended to be sleeping when I came in. 2. 表示在谓语动词之后发生 He is believed to be coming.

(三) 不定式完成时 （to have done; to have been done）

1. 如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成时 The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

(不定式的完成时常用在appear, believe, hope, pretend, seem等表示看法与想法的动词后)

2. 如果不定式由持续动词构成，而且句中有for, since等表示段时间

的时间状语，则不定式的完成时表示持续到谓语动词之时仍没有结束

He seems to have been ill for a long time. (强调现在还病着)

I’m happy to have lived with you since I came to this school. （强调现在仍住在一起）

3. 不定式的完成时表示没有实现的愿望

I hoped to have finished the work earlier. (我本希望能够尽早完成工作)

I intend to have come to see you. (我本打算来看你)

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2. 动名词：

1) 作主语

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实 2) 作表语

My job is teaching. 3) 作宾语

He finished reading the book yesterday.

i. 下列动词只能接动名词作宾语： consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, admit, delay/put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape ii. 动词词组正能接动名词作宾语： Be used to, devote to, lead to, stick to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand, give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy in, have difficulty/trouble in, have a good time in, spend time in等 iii. 动词need, require, want作“需要”讲时，deserve作“应得”讲时，其后跟

动词作它的宾语表示主语是该动作的承受者时，必须用动名词主动式（或不定式的被动式）表示被动意义

The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned. He deserved hanging/ to be hanged. (他罪当被绞死)

iv. 在excuse, forgive, pardon后接动名词时通常需要再动名词之前加上形容词性

物主代词，也可接宾格人称代词+for+-ing Excuse me for opening your letter. =Excuse my opening your letter. Forgive me for interrupting you. =forgive my interrupting you. 4) 动名词的时态

(一) 一般式 （v-ing; being done）

如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动作同时发生还是在谓语动作之前发生，用一般式 We are interested in playing cards. His coming will be of great help to us.

(二) 完成式 （having done; having been done）

动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所发生的动作之前，通常用动名词完成式

I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.

*注：动名词语态（在to be worth doing 句型中，动名词doing表示的是被动，修饰worth用well） 例： The book is well worth reading.