Hold your smart phone, smile at the front camera, and click! You get a selfie. There is no doubt that this photo is yours. But if a monkey takes a selfie, does the camera owner have the right to decide how to use it?
Recently, this question has caused a problem between Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization, and British wildlife photographer David J. Slater.
In 2011, Slater was visiting a park in Indonesia when a macaque (猕猴) got hold of one of his cameras. “They were quite naughty, jumping all over my equipment,” Slater told The Telegraph, “and it looked like they were already posing for the camera when one hit the button.” The result was hundreds of monkey selfies. The best of images was a female macaque grinning toothily into the lens.
This week, the grinning monkey selfie returned to the news when Wikimedia refused Slater’s request to take the photos down from Wikimedia Commons, a website that is run by the organization and offers free images.
According to Wikimedia, anyone who downloads the monkey selfie, or any of the millions of images on the site, can copy and use any works here freely as long as they follow what the author says. The question that arose here was whether Slater, who had not held the camera, set up the shot, of pressed the shutter (快门), could be considered the photographer of the monkey selfie. Wikimedia’s position on this was clear: as the work of a non-human animal, this photo has no human author who owns the copyright.
Only authors of creative works, like a piece of writing or a song, own copyrights. In terms of photos, US copyright law says whoever pushes the button on the camera owns the copyright to the image produced, which means that if tourists ask you to take a photo of them, and you happen to hit the shutter button at the exact moment that Justin Bieber, a Canadian singer, made faces behind them, you, as the photographer, would have the photo’s copyright and sell it. The tourists, who own the camera on which the photo was taken and asked you to take the photo don’t get the right to use it without you allowing them to. All this has been complicated by the appearance of surveillance cameras (监控摄像头), smart phones, and large scale photography projects (批量摄影项目) for which assistants often press the shutter button to produce works whose copyrights belong to their boss.
Slater seems to be thinking along these lines. He says that buying the cameras, spending thousands of pounds to
transport himself to Indonesia, and allowing the monkeys to “steal” his cameras make him the author of the image, regardless of who pushed the button. “In law, if I have an assistant then I still own the copyright, he told the “Today” Show. “I believe in this case, the monkey was my assistant.”
But if one is to believe his own telling of the monkey stealing his camera, Slater didn’t ask the monkeys to take the selfies and finally took the camera away.
If that seems unfair, think about this. If a person left her laptop in a cafe, and a poet picked it up, opened up a word-processing program, and typed out a poem which turned out to be the best poem of this generation, could she ask for much more than her laptop back?
61. The monkey selfie, taken in 2011, returned to the spotlight because . A. Slater allowed people to download the photo for free
B. Slater allowed Wikimedia Commons to download the photo free of charge C. Wikimedia Commons refused to pay Slater any money for the photo on the website
D. Wikimedia Commons refused to take the photo down from the website despite Slater’s request 62. According to US copyright law, who might Wikimedia think owned the copyright of monkey photo? A. Slater.
B. Wikimedia. D. No one.
C. The monkey.
63. The author mentioned Justin Bieber and some special cases to show that . A. whoever pressed the button would have the photo’s copyright in any cases B. only the famous singer would have the copyright to have the image produced
C. only the owner of the camera would have the copyright of the photo even if he didn’t take it D. whoever pushed the button would have the copyright but in some special cases things were different 64. From the last paragraph we know that the author . A. supports Wikimedia
B. doesn’t show his attitude at all
D. agrees with neither Wikimedia nor Slater D
How well prepared would the person be if he were to call on a prospective customer for us? As I see it, there are four keys to getting hired.
Prepare to win. “If you miss one day of practice, you notice the difference,” the saying goes among musicians. “If you miss two days of practice, the critics notice the difference. If you miss three days of practice, the audience notice the difference.”
C. shows great sympathy to Slater
The Michael Jordans of the world have talent, yes, but they’re also the first ones on and the last ones off the basketball court. The same preparation applies in every form of human endeavor.
You won’t get every job you go after. The best salespeople don’t close every sale. Michael1 Jordan makes barely half of his field-goal attempts. But it takes no longer to prepare well for one interview than to wander in half-prepared for five. And your, prospects for success will be many times better.
Never stop learning. Recently I played a doubles tennis match paired with a 90-year-old. I wondered how things would work out; I shouldn’t have. We hammered our opponents 6-1, 6-1! As we were switching sides to play a third set, he said to me, “Do you mind if I play the backhand court? I always like to work on my weaknesses.” What a fantastic example of a person who has never stopped learning. Incidentally, we won the third set 6-1. As we walked off the court, my 90-year-old partner laughed and said, “I thought you’d like to know about my number-one ranking in doubles in the United States in my age bracket (年龄段), 85 and up!” He wasn9t thinking 90; he wasn’t even thinking 85. He was thinking number one.
Believe in yourself, even when no one else does. Do you remember the four-minute mile? (1) Athletes had been trying to do it for hundreds of years and finally decided it was physically impossible for humans. (2) Our bone structure was all wrong, our lung power inadequate. (3) Then one human proved the experts wrong. (4) Don’t ever let anyone tell you that you can’t accomplish your goals. Who says you’re not tougher, harder working and more able than your competitors? You see, a goal is a dream with a deadline: in writing, measurable, identifiable, and attainable.
Find a way to make a difference. In my opinion, the majority of New York cab drivers are unfriendly, if not downright rude. Most of the cabs are dirty, and almost all of them have an unacceptable, bulletproof partition (分隔). But recently I jumped into a cab at LaGuardia Airport and guess what? It was clean. There was beautiful music playing arid no partition.
Holding up a choice of newspapers, the cab driver even told me to help myself to the fruit in the basket on the back seat. I was shocked. He doesn’t know it, but he’s my hero. He’s living proof that you can always shift the odds in your favor.
My mentor (良师), Curt Carlson, is the wealthiest man in Minnesota, owner of a hotel and travel company with sales in the neighborhood of $9 billion. I had to get to a meeting in New York one day, and Curt generously offered me a ride in his jet It happened to be a day when Minnesota was hit with one of the worst snowstorms in years. Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport was closed for the first time in decades. Then, though the storm continued to pound (重击) us, the airport opened a runway for small craft only. As we were taxiing down it to take off, Curt
turned to me and said cheerfully, “Look, Harvey, no tracks in the snow!”
From my standpoint, that’s what it’s all about. Then go out and make your own tracks in the snow. 65. Why does the author quote in the second paragraph? A. To appeal to us to practice.
B. To support the theme “prepare to win”. C. To indicate the importance of practice. D. To inform us of the saying among musicians.
66. According to paragraph 4, the writer probably wants to show us . A. we should expect to get every job as we like
B. anyone who wants to get hired should get concentrated C. even the best salespeople don’t try to succeed in every sale
D. Michael Jordon is a top athlete because he makes barely half of his field-goal attempts
67. When the writer mentions his experience of playing tennis with the old man, he probably means . A. one may develop his strength if he keeps on learning B. the old man is good at playing tennis and proud of it C. the writer himself is a great talent in playing tennis D. if one keeps working on his weakness, he is sure to succeed 68. From the passage we can infer . A. the goal is not a daydream, because people have no trouble realizing it
B. it takes as much time to prepare well for one interview as to half prepare for five
C. people shouldn’t regard their goal as a kind of dream, because it can be achieved and realized easily D. when we admire other people’s success, we always forget that they have worked on this for a long time 69. Why was Curt so happy when he said that there were no tracks in the snow? A. Because he made his jet take off in the bad weather. B. Because Curt thought they were the first to take off. C. Because the airport opened a runway for small craft only.
D. Because he is the owner of a hotel and travel company with sales in the neighborhood of $9 billions. 70. Where could the following sentences be best added in paragraph 6?
And, miracle of miracles, six weeks after Roger Bannister broke the four-minute mile, John Landy beat Bannister’s time by nearly two full seconds. Since then, close to eight hundred runners have broken the four-minute mile!
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